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What was Andreas Vealius known for?
Study of human anatomy
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What was William Gilbert known for?
He researched properties of magnetism.
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What was Francis Bacon known for?
Coming up with the scientific method
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What was William Harvey known for?
Circulation and blood flow
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What was Nicholas Copernicus known for?
Heliocentric model of the universe
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What was Martin Luther most bothered by and how did he respond?
He was bothered most by the selling of indulgences. He responded by writing the 95 thesis.
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What were the 3 main things Martin Luther objected to?
- 1. Transubstantiation
- 2. Original Sin
- 3. Lack of hope in religion
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Protestantism emphasized the sole importance of:
The word, both sung and spoken.
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The council of Trent reaffirmed what things? (7)
- 1. Celibacy for priests
- 2. Transubstantiation
- 3. Apostolic succession
- 4. Doctrine of purgatory
- 5. Importance of sacraments
- 6. Veneration of saints
- 7. Importance of apocrypha
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What is another name for the 'Society of Jesus'
Jesuits
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Who was the leader of the Jesuits?
Ignatius Loyola
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What is one word you could use to describe the Jesuits?
Militaristic
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What qualities were the Jesuits picked by?
- Intelligence
- Finesse
- Commitment
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Who or what were the Jesuits extremely loyal to?
The Pope and Catholic doctrines.
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What were the Calvinists known for?
Predestination
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What were the Anabaptists known for? (2)
- Adult Baptism
- Pacifists (didn't go to war)
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What were the two main elements of teh Act of Supremacy?
- Separation of the English Church from the Church in Rome.
- The King of England became the authority for the English Church.
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What are two qualities/beliefs of Humanism?
- Interest in antiquity - Greek texts.
- Human nature is ultimately good and educable. (Learning improved man, even secular learning)
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What are two qualities/beleifts of the Reformers?
- Belief that truth only comes from the bible.
- Human nature is ultimately fallen, but saved by grace was a must.
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What kind of monarch was Louis XIV in France?
Absolute monarch (what he said went)
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How did Louis XIV become an absolute monarch? (2)
- Centralized his power in Versailles.
- Established academies.
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What were the 4 academies that Louis XIV set up?
- Language and Literature
- Sculpture and painting
- Dance
- Music
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What 3 things did we cover with Castiglione?
- Uomo Universale
- He described the ideal courtier
- Sprezzatura
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What is Uomo Universale
Well rounded, universal man
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What is Sprezzatura?
- Nonchalance
- Effortless mastery
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What are 4 things that were mentioned about Montaigne's approach?
- Studies himself
- questions human nature
- Non dogmatic in approach
- Cultural relativism
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What is Descartes 4 step process?
- Never accept any idea as true which is not so clearly true beyond being doubted
- Divide each complex question into simple ones.
- Order thoughts from simplest to most complex.
- Review series of inferences to make sure there are no breaks or false links in the chain.
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Did Descartes believe you could use your senses to conclude the "thingness" of a thing?
No, senses can betray.
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Is comedy intellectual of emotional?
Intellectual
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True or false:
Comedy requires detachment from scene, world of trivial values where there is no consequence for action.
True
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What is low comedy?
- Comedy of situation.
- Ex: Laughing because the chair got pulled out from under someone.
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What is high comedy?
- Comedy of character.
- Ex: Laughing at the boy who got the chair pulled out.
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Is tragedy emotional or intellectual?
Emotional
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True or False:
Tragedy demands a sense of inevitability. World where deeds bring consequeces and values triumph.
True
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What is a low tragedy (melodrama)?
Tragedy of situation
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What is a high tragedy?
tragedy of character
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What are the 5 parts of the Pyramid of Action?
- Exposition
- Rising Action
- Crisis (Turning point)
- Falling Action
- Catastrophe/Resolution
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What was composer Josquin des Pres known for?
4 part motet
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Was was composer Palestrina known for?
- Wrote over 100 masses
- Incorporated Gregorian chants
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What was composer William Byrd known for?
Writing secret masses for people who didn't follow the Church of England.
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What are 2 additins of venetian music?
- Split choirs
- Addition of intruments
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What was the center for Roman music?
Sistine Chapel
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What type of singing took place in the Sistine Chapel?
A Capella
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Give 2 details about "the boke of common praier noted"
- It was simple, intelligible, one note per syllable.
- It was for the common man.
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What are the 2 aspects of Concerto Grosso?
- 3 Movements: Fast, slow, fast
- Alternating group of soloists and full orchestra.
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What is a Fugue in music?
Theme that is passed from voice to voice creating polyphony.
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What does Homophonic mean?
Voices blended together, notes moving together in chords.
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What does Polyphonic mean?
Counterpoint, voices moving against each other.
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What type of musical performance combines the arts of solo and choral singing, declamation, acting and dancing in a staged spectacle?
Opera
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What is word painting?
For any writing there is a specific type of music that would represent the writing properly.
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What is an Oratorio?
- Unstaged religious conterpart of secular opera.
- Ex: Handel's Messiah
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What does Recitative mean?
- The free declamation of a single vocal line with simple instrumental accompaniment for support.
- The style of delivery mimics speech.
- Words were more important than music though instrumentation was important.
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What is a Cantata?
A piece of music that is sung not played.
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What is a Sonata?
A piece of music that is played; an extended instrumental composition.
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What is a Pavane?
A formal processional dance.
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What is a Galliard?
A lively jumping dance, in which 5 steps are set in a 6 beat measure.
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In southern Italian art, what was the medium of choice?
Why?
Fresco, becaue it dries fast.
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In association with Fresco what did "disegno" mean?
Careful drafting and outlining of figures/
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In northern Italian art, what was the medium of choice?
Oil Paint
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In association with oil paint, what does "colorito" mean?
More vibrant colors, easier to show light and dark.
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What is Relief Technique?
- The image sticks out from the stencil, like a stamp.
- Ex: Woodcut, Letter Press
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What is Intaglio Technique?
- The image is engraved into the stencil.
- Allows for finelines and details.
- Ex: Etching, dry point, engraving.
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During the reformation how much religious art was produced?
None
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During the Counter Reformation how much religious art was produced?
Why?
- Tons.
- The catholic church patronized art to promote doctrine/agenda.
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Which 2 groups had most of the Aristocratic Baroque style art produced?
- Royalty.
- Bourgeoisie in Norther Europe (Holland)
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What are 6 elements of High Renaissance Art?
- Clarity of line
- Geometric shapes and mathmatic precision
- Realistic depiction of natural world
- Use of textures
- Emphasis on psychological state of figures
- Uncluttered arrangement of figures
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What are the 6 keys to identifying a Mannerism work of art?
- Content: abnormal, uncontrolled, emotional, strange.
- Narrative: ellaborative, unclear.
- Space: disjointed, limited to foreground.
- Proportions: un-canonical, usually attenuated.
- Figures: tensely posed, confined, over extended.
- Colors: contrasting, surprising.
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What are 6 elements of Baroque art?
- Dynamic movement.
- Spirals, ovals, curves.
- Open ended, spilled beyond canvas.
- Grand gestures.
- Emotional.
- Illusionism.
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Where was the Bergeoise style art based out of?
Where did the patronage come from?
- Norther Europe - Holland
- Patronage came form Bourgeoisie families because there were only protestant churches and no aristocracy.
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What are 4 types of Bergeois style paintings?
- Still life (could show pre destination)
- Genre paintings
- Corporation pictures
- Landscape paintings
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What were 5 motives for patronage in art?
- Pay back money earned from usury.
- Memorialize family name.
- Promote civic pride.
- Reflect power of institutions.
- Royalty.
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