SOCL 3371 quiz 2

entry, pretrial services and prosecution, adjudication, sentencing and sacntions, and correction

justice personnel may enforce some laws and not others or may enforce them in some situations and not other situtations

the authority to choose among alternative actions

decision made by the police that a particular incident should be treated as a crime (founded) or not treated as a crime (unfounded)

the action of taking a person into custody for the purpose of changing him or her with a crime

a writ issed by judicial officer ordering law enforcement to perform a specific action such as a search or an arrest

a government attorney who instigates the prosecution of an accused and represents the state at trial

the first court processing stage after arrest, in which the accused is brought before a judge or magistrate to hear the formal charges

a formal document of a criminal charge against an accused, issued by a grand jury, basedd on evidence presented by the prosecutor

a group of citizens, between sixteen and twenty three, assembled to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to support the prosecution of the accused

a hearing before the court in which the defendant is formally informed of the charges and is required to enter a plea

money or other security placed in custody of the court in order to ensure the return of a defendant to stand trial

a non-financial release in which the accused promises to appear in court on the required date

the process whereby the court arrives at a decision regarding a particular case

evidence is presented to a panel of citizens, who are required to determine the defendant's guilt or innocence of the charges

court proceedings in which a judge hearsthe evidence and determines the defandant's guilt or innocence.

the specific penalty for a specific crime

the judgment of a court, based on the verdict of a jury or judicial officer, that the defendant is guilty of the offense charged

a term that encompases all the government agencies with authority for the intake, supervision, confinement, transportation, treatment, and custody of convicted offenders

an authorized absence from a correctional institution for a specified period of time.

a criminal sentence that allows offenders to reside within the community

conditional release and supervision within the community as part of a criminal sentence.

a model of the justice process that describes the public's and the media's focus on a few extraordinary and exceptional crimes

an offense punishable by more that one year in state or federal prison

a relatively minor offense punishable by a fine or up to one year in jail

a model of the justice process that depicts the impact of discretionary decision making by criminal justice personnel as they sort and filter defendants through the five stages

a model of the justice process that depicts the system as processing cases as swiftly and efficiently as possible and in a standard manner.

the concept that each case is treated according to the same rules, regardless of individual circumstances

a model of the justice process which depicts the system as complex and convoluted, deliberately dificult to negotiate in order to protect due process rights of the accused

the concept that each case be treated on the basis of its own unique and specific facts

discretionary decision making is essenial for justice but also creates possibilies for discrination and bias in the justice process

the use of harsh punishments to express moral outrage at the injustice of crime

proof of criminal liability beyond a reasonable doubt by admissible evidence within a court of law

the degree of blame worthiness assigned to a defendant as a result of legal adjudication

the five key elements common to almost all criminal statutes which must be proven within a court of law beyond a reasonable doubt according to the rules of criminal procedure and evidence to establish legal guilt

the physical element of the criminal act

the legal principle that a person must commit as act (performance, deed, or movement) or a failure to act (where the law specifies a duty to act) in order to be subject to criminal sanctions

the mental elements in crime, or criminal intent, or the guilty

reasons a person commits a particular action

the level of seriousness of the crime

the thoughtful and conscious intention to perform a specific act in order to achieve a particular outcome

state of the mind inferred from the behavior or conduct itself to commit the act

creation of high risk of harm without consciousness

state of mind in which a person acts without intending harm but with a complete disregard for the rights and safety of others

knowing creation of high risk of harm to others

crimes for which one may incur liability without fault or intention

the killing of a human being by the act, procurement, or omission of another human being

homicide that is permitted under the law by reason of selfdefense, necessity, or the execution of a public duty

homicide that is committed by persons without legal liability for their conduct or in a manner that the criminal law does not prohibit, e.g., accidentally

the purposeful, knowing, reckless, or negligent causing of the death of one human being by another

the killing of one human being by another with malice or premeditation

if a death occurs during the commission of a felony, the person committing the primary offense can also be charged with murder

the unlawful killing of a human being without malice or premeditation

the unlawful killing of a human being without malice but that is done intentionally upon a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion

an unintentional killing for which criminal liability is imposed

the killing of a human being by the operation of a motor vehicle by another in a reckless manner likely to cause the death of, or great bodily harm to, another

the circumstances as they appeared to the defendant would have created the same beliefs in the mind of an average, normal, sensible human being

the simultaneous coexistence fo an act in violation of the law and a criminal intent

a causal link between an actor's conduct and a harm

a standard for determining causality which holds that "but for" the conduct of the accused, the harm in question would not have occured

loss, disadvantage, or injury to a victim

defenses raised by the defendant's counsel that carry the burdenof proof beyond a reasonable doubt

legal defense in which the defendant claims to have been in a different location when the crime was committed

a category of legal defense in which the defendant admits committing the act in question but claims that it was necessary to avoid some greater evil

a defense that claims the defendant was lawfully exercising authority at the time the act was committed

a defense to a criminal charge that claims it was necessary to commit some unlawful act in order to prevent or avoid a greater harm

a defense to a criminal charge based on a person's inherent right to self-protection and to reasonably defend himself or herself from an unlawful attack

a category of legal defense in which the defendant claims a personal condition at the time of the act that excuses him or her from criminal liability under the law

lack of knowledge of the law or the existence of the law

a defense claiming an error or misunderstanding of fact or circumstances resulting in an act that would otherwise not have been undertaken

a defense to a criminal charge that the defendant was forced to act against his or her will

intoxication that is the result of willful personal choice

intoxication that is not willful

a defense that claims that individuals below a certain age should not be held criminally liable for their actions by virtue of their young age.

the inducement of an individual to commit a crime not contemplated by him and her

affirmative defenses seeking to prove a mental state that prevents an individual from comprehending the nature and consequences of actions or from distinguishing right from wrong

a condition characterized by a history of repetitive by a history of repetitive abuse and learned helplessness