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Cardiovascular
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
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Function of blood cells
Play important roles in the immune system and endocrine system
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What is blood?
Fluid tissue that transports O2 and nutrients to other body tissues and returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carriers carbon dioxide back to the lungs
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What are the major structures of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
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What is the heart?
Hollow, muscular organ located btwn the lungs
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Apex
Pointed lower end of the heart
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Pericardium is also known as?
Pericardial sac
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Pericardium
Double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
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Membranous
Pertaining to membrane whch is a thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part
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Parietal pericardium
Tough outer layer that forms a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
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Visceral pericardium
Inner layer of the pericardium, forms outer layer of the heart
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Epicardium
Outer layer of the heart
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Pericardial fluid
Founf between parietal and visceral layers, it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction between when the heart beats
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Epicardium
External layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
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Myocardium is also known as?
Myocardial muscle
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Myocardium
Middle and thickest f the hearys three layers and consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue
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Endocardium
Consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart
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Coronary arteries
Supply O2 rich blood to the myocardium
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What do the veins do?
Remove waste products from the myocardium
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Atria
Two upper chambers of the heart. Recieving chambers and all bld vessels comin into th heart
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How is the atria seperated?
Seperated by interatrial septum
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Septum
Wall that seperates two chambers
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Ventricles
Two lower chambers ofnthe heart
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Ventricle
Normal hollow chamber of the heart or brain
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Ventricles are seperated by what?
Interventricular septum
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Tricuspid valve
Controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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Tricuspid
Three cusps (points)
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
Located btwn the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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Pulmonary
Pertaining to the lungs
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Semilunar
Half-moon; shaped like a half-moon
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Mitral valve is also known as?
Bicuspid valve
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Mitral valve
Btwn left atrium and left ventricle
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Mitral
Shaped like a bishops miter(hat)
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Bicuspid
Having two. cusps
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Aortic semilunar valve
Located between left ventricle and aorta
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Pulmonary circulation
Flow of blood only btwn heart and lungs
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Pulmonary arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood ou of the right ventricle and into the lungs. Only arteries that carry deoxy blood
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Pulmonary veins
Oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. Only place where veins carry oxy blood
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Systemic circulation
Floe of blood to everywhere in body except the lungs
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Electrical impulses
Determins rate and regularity of the heart beat from nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart
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Conduction system is controlled by?
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and bundle of His
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Sinoatrial node location?
Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near enterance of the superiorvena cave
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SA node starts what?
Starts each wave of muscle contraction in the heart which causes both atria to contract together forces bld into ventricles
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AV node
Atrioventricular node
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AV node location?
Located on floor of the rigbt atrium near the interatrial septum
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Bundle of His
Group of fibers located within interventricular septum
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Purkinje fibers
Speciealized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricle
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P wave
Stimulation (contraction) of the atria
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QRS complex
Shows stimulation (contraction) of the venfricles
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What happens to the atria when ventricles contract?
Atria relaxes
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T wave
Recovery ( relaxation) of thr ventricles
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What are the three major types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capilarries, veins
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Arteries
Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of body
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Endarterial
Pertaining to the inner portion of an artery or within an artery
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Arterial blood
Bright red cause its oxy rich
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Where does the main trunk of the arterial system begin?
It begins from left ventricle of the heart
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Carotid arteries
Major arteries tht carry bld toward head
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Common carotid is located?
Located on each side of the neck
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Internal carotid
Brings oxy rich blood to brain
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External carotid
Brings bliid to face
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Arteriolar
Smaller, thinner bran hes of arteries that carry blood to capillaries
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Veins
Form a low pressure collecting system to return oxy poor blood to heart
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Venules
Smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
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Superficial veins
Located near surface
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Deep veins
Locted within the tissues and away from the body surface
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Venae cavae
Two largest veins in the bidy. Veins that return blood into the heart
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Superior vena cava
Transports blood from the uppe portion of the body to the heart
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Inferior vena cava
Transports blood fromthe lower lortions of the blood to the heart
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Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels in the body
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Vascular
Pertainin to blood vessels
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Arterioles
Deliver blood to the capillaries
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SA node is known as?
Natural pacemaker
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Pulse
Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
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Blood pressure
Measurment of thr amount of systolic and diastolic exerted against the walls of the arteries
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Systolic pressure
Ventricles contract. Highest pressure against the walls of an artery
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Systole
Contraction of heart
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Systolic
Contraction phase
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Diastolic pressure
Ventricles relax, lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
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Diastole
Relaxation of heart
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Diastolic
Relaxation phase
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Blood is composed of?
Composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% firmed elements
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Plasma
Straw colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
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What is the break down of plasmas ish?
91% water and 9% is proteins including clotting proteins
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Fibrinogen and prothrombin
Clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding
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Serum
Plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been remived
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Erythrocytes is also known as?
Rbc
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Erythrocytes
Mature rbcs produced by red bone marrow
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Hemoglobin
Iron-containing pigment of the erythrocytes
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Leukocyte also known as?
White bld cells
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Leukocytes
Involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
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Neutrophils
Wbc, which are formed in red bone marrow
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What is the most common type of WBC?
Neutrophils
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Phagocytosis
Process of destroying pahogens by surrounding and swallowing them
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Basophils
WBC; formed in red bone marrow. Responsible for the symptoms of allergies
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What is the least common type of WBC?
Basophils
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Eosinophil
WBC; formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissue throughout the body. Destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
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Lymphocyte
WBC; formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Identify foreign ish and germs in thd body and produce antibidies that specifically target them
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Monocytes
WBC; formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen provide immunological defenses against many infectious organism
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Thrombocytes is also known as?
Platelets
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Thrombocytes
Smallest formed elements of the blood. Play important role in blood clotting
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Blood types
Classified according to the presence or abaence of certain antigens
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Antigen
Any substance that the body regards as being foreign
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Rh factor
Refers to the presence or abscence of Rh antigen
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Blood gases
Gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
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What are the major blood gases?
Oxygen, CO2, N2
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Cardiologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, disease, and disorders of the heart
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Hematologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissue
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Vascular surgeon
Physician who specialized in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
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Congenital heart defect
Structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally after birth
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Congenital
Present at birth
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Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle.
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Myocardial infarction
Heart attack
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End-stage coronary artery disease
Characterized by unrelenting agina and a severly limited lifestyle
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Athersclerosis
Hardening and narrowin of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
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Ather/o
Plaque or fatty substance
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-sclerosis
Abnormal hardening
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Plaque is found where?
Found within the lumen of an artery
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Plaque
Fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pupe
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Lumen
Opening within these vessels through which the blood flows
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Artheroma
Deposite of plaque on or within the arterial wall
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Ischemia heart disease
Group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxy blood to the heart
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Ischemia
Pertaining to the disruption of the blood supply
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Ischemia
Condition in which there is an insuffiecent oxygen supply due to restricted blood flow by a part of the body
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Cardia ischemia
Lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
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Angina is also known as?
Angina pectoris
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Angina
Condition of episides of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow tothe myocardium. Happens due to ishcemia of the heart muscle
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Myocardial infarction also known as ?
Heart attack
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Myocardial infarction
Occlusion of conditions are named for the affected valve, such as aortic valve stenosis
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Cardiac arrest
Event where heart abrubtly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents blood flow
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Arrhythmia
An Abnormality or loss of normal rhythm of the heart beat
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Bradycardia
Abnormally slow resting heart rate. Rate less than 60 beats per minute
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Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid resting heart rate. If over 100 beats per minute
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Palpitation
Pounding or racing heart witb or without irregularity in rhythm
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Atrial fibrillation also known as?
A fib
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Atrial fibrillation
Occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
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Fibrillation
Fast, uncontrolled heart beat
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Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia is also known as?
PAT
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Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
Episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium
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Paroxysmal
Pertaining to sudden occurence
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Infarction
Sudden insufficiency of blood
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Infarct
Localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood
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Heart failure is also known as?
Congestive heart failure
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Heart failure
Common in elderly; chronic cindition in which the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it recieves. Decreased pumping action causes congeztion
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Congestion
Fluid build up
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Left-sided heart failure also known as?
Pulmonary edema
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Pulmonary edema
Causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Left side no pumping blood to and from the lungs
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Right-sided heart failure
Causes fluid buildup begining wuth the feet and legs. Right side not efficiently pumping blood to and from the rest of body
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Cardiomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the heat that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate fir the loss of its pumping ability
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-megaly
Abnormal enlargement
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Carditis
Inflammation of the heart
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Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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Bacterial endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
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Myocarditis
InflammTion of myocardium
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Pericarditis
Inflammation of pericardium that causes accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
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Cardiomyopathy
Describes all diseases of the heart muscle
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Dilated cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle that causes that causes heart to become eblarged and pump less strongly
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Dilated
Expansion of a hollow structure
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Heart murmur
Abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart
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Valvulitis
Inflammation of a heart valve
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Valvular prolapse
Abnormal protusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completley
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Valvular stenosis
Condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
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Stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of an opening
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Ventricular fibrillation is also known as
V fib
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V fib
Rapid irregular and useless contraction of the ventricles.. Muscle quivers ineffectively
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Ventricular tachycardia Also known as ?
V tach
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V tach
Very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles
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Angitis also known as
Vasculitis
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angi
blood or lymph vessel
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angiostenosis
bnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
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hemangioma
benign tmor made up of newl formed blood vessels
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hypoperfusion
deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
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perfusion
flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
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polyarteritis is also known as?
plyarteritis nodosa
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polyarteritis
form of angitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time. serious blood vessel disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries
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peripheral vasucalr disease
disorders of he blood vessels located outside the heart and brain.
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peripheral arterial occlusive disease is also known as?
peripheral artery disease
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peripheral arterial occulusive disease
caused by artherosclerosis. impaired circulation to the extermities and vital organs causes changes in the skin color nd temp. and intermittent claudication
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raynaud's phenomenon
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. sympotoms, which are due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), and then redness of the fingers and toes
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aneurysm
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery.
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arteriosclerosis
any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticit of arterial walls
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chronic venous insuffieciency
condition in which venous ciruculation is inadequate due to partial vien blockage or leakage of venous valves. affects feet and ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into tissues causeing discoloration of the skin
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phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
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varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins, usually occuring in the superficial veings of the legs.
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thrombosis
abnormal condition of haing a thrombus
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thrombus
blood clot attached to interior wall of an artery or vein
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thrombotic occlusion
blocking of an arter by a thrombus
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thrombotic
caused by a thrombus
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coronary thrombosis
damage to teh heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronar artery
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deep vein thrombosis
condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein
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embolism
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
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embol
something insterted
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embolus
foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas that is circulating in the blood
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blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
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-crasia
mixture or blending
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hemochromatosis
genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
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leukopenia
any situation in which the total number of luekocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal
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polycythemia
abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by t he bone marrow
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septicemia
systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxin via the circulating blood
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thrombocytopenia
condition in which there is an anormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
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thromb/o
thrombus - blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
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thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulatig blood
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hemorrhage
is the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time. this means to bleed
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transfsion reaction
serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patients blood and the donated blood do not match
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cholesterol
faty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
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hyperlipidemia
general term use to described elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
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myelodysplastic syndrom
group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
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leukemia
type of cnacer charaterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues other organs and in the circulating blood
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anemia
lower than normal number or erthrocytes in the blood
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aplastic anemia
characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
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hemolytic anemia
condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
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hemolytic
pertianing to breaking down of red blood cells
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iron-deficiency anemia
most common form of anemia
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megaloblastic anemia
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
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pernicious nemia
caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract
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sickle cell anemia
genetic disorder that cuases abnormal hemogglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an anormal sickle shape this shape interferes with normal blood flow resulting in damage to most of the body systems
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thalassemia
inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
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hypertension
elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the ardiovascular system
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essential hypertension
consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
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idiopathic
disease of unknown cause
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hypotention
lower than normal arterial blood pressure
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orthostatic hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
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andiography
radiographic study of the blood vessels afer the injection of a contrast medium
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cardia catheterization
diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart. then contrast medium is introduced to produce an angiogram to dtermine how well the heart is working
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digital subtraction angiography
combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the are of interst by removing the soft tissue and bones from the images
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phlebography
radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins fter a contrast dye is injected into a vein in the pations foot
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electrocardography
noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of thhe myocardium
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holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient o continously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24hr period
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thallium stress test
performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of he heart muscle during exercise
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is sued to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flttening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
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stent
wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed afer the arter has been opened in angioplast. provides support to the arterial wall to keep the plaque from expanding as well
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restenosis
condition when artery that has been opened b angioplasty closes again
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atherectomy
surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
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carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a potion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
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coronary artery bypass graft
opening the chest, piece of veing from the leg is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and improve the flow of blood to the heart
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CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
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defibrillation
use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm
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automated external defibrillator
designed for use by nonprofessions in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
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artificial pacemaker
primarily as a treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation
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valvoplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve
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what does CPR stand for?
it stands for cardiopulmonary resucitation
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hemostasis
stop or control bleeding
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CC
cardiac catheterization
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CVI
chronic venous insufficiency
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CAD
coronary artery disease
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EKG, ECG
electrocardiogram
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PAD
peripheral artery disease
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PVD
peripheral vascular disease
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VF
ventricular fibrillation
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