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dist/o
distal (away from)
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Anatomy
the study of body structure
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Physiology
Refers to the study of the nature of living things, and is concerned with body functions
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Homeostasis
The process of maintaining internal stability
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System
A group of organs sharing a general function
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How many systems does the body have?
11
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Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood; transports vital substances throughout the body, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, and nitrogen containing waste materials; helps protects from infection; helps regulate body temperature.
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Lympathic System
Consists of a network of tubes that carry lymph fluid through the body; includes lympathic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils; removes unwanted substances, and recycles fluid to blood, plays an important role in the protection against infection.
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Respiratory System
Consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; major function is bringing oxygen from the external environment to the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream out to the external environment.
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Urinary System
Contains the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; processes blood by extracting waste materials and producing urine, helps regulate blood pressure; stimulates new red blood cell formation in the bone marrow; maintains the homeostasis water-and-salt balance within the body.
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Digestive System
Consists of the mouth, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, live, gallbladder, pancreas, small intesetine, and large intestine; breakas down food into small particles for absorption into the bloodstream and transportation to body cells for nourishment
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Male Reproductive System
Contains the testes, epidiymis, vas deferens, uretha, prostrate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, penis, and scrotum; provides for production of new individuals; the only system in which the organs differ significantly between the two sexes.
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Female Reproductive System
Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands; provides for production of new individuals; the only system in which the organs differ significantly between the two sexes.
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Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sensory organs, controls homeostasis by sensing changes in the environment, integrating information, and initiating body responses; provides a method of communication between the body and the external environment.
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Endocrine System
Consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, gonads (testes and ovaries), pineal gland, and thymus gland; controls homeostasis by releasing hormones for their distribution in the bloodstream, which alters body functions.
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Muscular System
Composed of approximately 500 individual muscle that are attached to bones; includes attached connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves; composed primarily of skeletal muscle; allows and controls movement of body parts.
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Skeletal System
Forms the body frame; consists of bones, joints, and associated connective tissues; provides protection by forming a hard barrier around soft organs; permits movement by providing attachment sites for muscles; forms blood cells within the bone marrow; stores mineral salts such as calcium.
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Integumentary System
Includes the skin; hair and hair folicies; sweat glands; sebaceous glands, nails, and sensory receptors. Protects against loss of body fluids; protects from physical injury or ultraviolet light; protects from invasion by miccroorganisms.
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Anatomical Position
An erect posture with the arms at the side, palms of the hands facing foward, and legs together with the feet point forward.
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Directional Terms
Are always based on the anatomical position, regardless of the actual body position of the individual.
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The most commonly used directional terms each include what?
one word root and one suffix
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Superior
refers to a body part located above or toward the head en relative to another body part.
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Dorsal and Posterior
interchangeable terms that mean "pertaining to the back."
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Anterior and ventral
Interchangeable terms that mena "pertaining to the front."
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(directional term) Superior
toward the head end or upper part of the body
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(directional term) Inferior
Away from the head end or toward the lower
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(directional term) Anterior (ventral)
toward the front or belly side
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(directional term) Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back
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(directional term) Medial
Toward the midline, which is an imaginary vertical line down the middle of the body
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(directional term) Lateral
Toward the side
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(directional term) Superficial (= of the surface)
External, toward the body surface
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(directional term) Deep
Internal, inward from the surface of the body
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(directional term) Proximal
Toward the origin or attachment to the trunk
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(directional term) Distal
away from the origin or attachment to the trunk
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(body terms) Head
subdivides into the face and the cranium
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(Body Terms) Neck
Subdivides into the anterior neck and the posterior neck
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(Body Terms) Trunk
Subdivides into the thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the back
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(Anatomical Terms) Plane
An imaginery flat field that is used as a point of reference for viewing 3-dimensional objects
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(Anatomical Terms) Frontal or Coronal Plane
A vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
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(Anatomical Terms) Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
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(Anatomical Terms) Transverse Plane
A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
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(Anatomical Terms) Thoracic Region
The chest area
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(Anatomical Terms) Abdominal Region
The area of the abdomen
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(Anatomical Terms) Epigastric Region
The area of the abdomen over the stomach
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(Anatomical Terms) Hypochondriac Region
- used to indicate soft tissues and organs that lay beneath your ribs and sternum
- the area of the abdomen below the ribs
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(Anatomical Terms) Illiac Region
The area of the abdomen near the groin and thighs
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(Anatomical Terms) Lumbar Region
The area of he abdomen near the loins
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(Anatomical Terms) Umbilical Region
The area of the abdomen near the navel
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(Anatomical Terms) Viscera
Internal contents of cavities
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(Anatomical Terms) Dorsal Cavity
One of two main body cavities; contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
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(Anatomical Terms) Cranial Cavity
Located within the dorsal cavity; houses the brain
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(Anatomical Terms) Vertebral Cavity
Located within the dorsal cavity; houses the spinal cord
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(Anatomical Terms) Ventral Cavity
One of two main body cavities; contains the thoracic cavity and addominopelvic cavity
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(Anatomical Terms) Diaphragm
Muscular parition dividing the ventral cavity into an upper and lower cavity
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(Anatomical Terms) Thoracic Cavity
Located within the ventral cavity superior to the diaphragm.
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(Anatomical Terms) Abdominopelvic Cavity
Located within the ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm
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(Anatomical Terms) Pericardial Cavity
Located within the thoracic cavity; houses the heart
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(Anatomical Terms) Pleural Cavities
Located within the thoracic cavity; houses the lungs
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(Anatomical Terms) Mediastinum
A space above the heart along the midline deep to the breastbone; contains large blood vessels above the heart and the thymus gland
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(Anatomical Terms) Abdominal Cavity
Located within the abdominopelvic Cavity; contains the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and most of the small and large intestines.
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(Anatomical Terms) Pelvic Cavity
Located within the abominoplevic cavity; contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and parts of the small and large intestines
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Disease
A state of the body in which homeostasis has faltered due to any cause
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Pathology
The study of disease
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Pathologist
A physician who specializes in disease
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Fever (pyro)
A symptom in which the body temperature rises above normal
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Pain (-algia, -dynia)
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with tissue
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Sign
An abnormality that is discoverable by an objective examination
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Symptom
An appearance or sensation experienced by a patient that deviates from the normal, healthy state
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Acute
Adjective describing a disease of short duration
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Chronic
Adjective describing a disease of long duration
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