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grasping reflex
response to a touch on the palm of the hand
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rooting reflex
babies will move their mouth towards any source of a touch on the face
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sucking reflex
babies are born knowing how to suck, breath and swallow all at the same time
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sight reflex
babies direct their gaze towards bright patterns and faces and trace the outlines of those patterns with their eye
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startle reflex
at an alarming sound, babies arms upward and legs spread outward
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babinski reflex
when foot is stimulated, baby flares toes and pushes foot agains stimulus
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enriching environment
an environment that is filled with various stimuli that engage curiosity
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maturation
the biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively influenced by experience
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assimillation
interpretting new experiences acording to your already existing scheme
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accomodation
changing or adapting your scheme to incorporate new information
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sensorymotor stage
- from birth to two years
- percieve the world through their sensory and motor interactions with objects around them
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object permanence
the awareness that an object continues to exist even when you can not see it; babies begin to understand at 8 mo
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law of conservation
properties of mass, volume and number remain the same even after changes in the form of the object; fully acquired at age 6-7
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representational thought
- judy deloache
- understanding that an object can represent something else
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formal operational stage
the stage, at age 12, when you can understand abstract ideas
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receptive language
ability to understand speech
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productive language
ability to produce words
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babbling stage
- at 4 months
- spontaneous utterances of a variety of sounds
- heavy in consonants
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one-word stage
from ages one to two
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two-word stage
begining at age two
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telegraphic speech
early speech stage containing mostly verbs and nouns without any sensible order or syntax
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critical period
- an optimal period when certain events are most easily learned and are critical to facilitate proper development
- ie-imprinting
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self-concept
a sense of ones own identiy and personal worth; first seen at 15-18 mo when children touch their faces in front of a mirror
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erik erikson
- believe social development was psychological and continues throughout life
- proposes four challenges of positive vs negative
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trust vs mistrust
- 0-1 year
- depending on ineractions of primary caregivers, children learn if they can trust others or not
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autonomy vs doubt
- 2-3 years
- self control vs self doubt
- if a child is praised for acting alone, he will be self confident in his own acts
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initiative vs guild
- 4-5 years
- making their own decision
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industry vs inferiority
- 5 to puberty
- competence vs inferiority
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socialization
learning the rules of society
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moro reflex
startle reflex
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qualitive
details about something
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quantitative
numer, amout of information
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scheme
the way in which you see the world
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piaget
- pioneered cognitive development
- described four stages; sensorymotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
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cooing
first stage in speech, many vowels
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preoperational stage
- 2-6/7 years
- language and symbolic development
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symbolic representation
kids draw pictures that represent something else
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concrete operational
- 7-11/12 years
- kids use logic and aritmetic until they can understand abstract things
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formal operational
- 12 years -adult
- can contemplate future, and abstract and values
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konrad lorenz
imprinting specialist
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indiscriminant
babies until about 6 mo
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attatchment to primary caregiver
6mo to 3 years
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separation anxiety
10-12 mo
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secondary attatchments
18 mo
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developmentally delayed
until 4 or 5 kids can be behind in everything, then they catch up
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oral stage
- 0-1yr
- childrens first pleasure is mouth
- weaning is first frustration
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anal stage
- 2 years
- source of pleasure is having control of shit
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phallic stage
- 3-5 yrs
- kids explore themselves; identification
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identification
kids become like their same-sex parent in order to gain attention of the other
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oedipal conflict
boys want mothers attention
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electra complex
girls want dads attention
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latency stage
- 5/6 to puberty
- sexual desires change to learning
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sublimation
supression of sexual fascinations
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genital stage
- adolescense
- discover others, pleasurable to share please
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fixation
being stuck in one stage
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kohlberg
theorized moral develpment in six stages and three topics
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preconventional morality
- stage 1: avoid punishment
- stage 2: gain rewards
- help someone because they helped you, or eye for eye
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conventional morality
- care for others
- stage 3: gain social approval
- stage 4: respect for laws--most stay in this stage
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postconventional morality
- follow your own set of principles
- stage 5: laws are not absolute, question its justness
- stage 6: acceptance of ethical principles that apply to everyone
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