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avg of slides + 10% x 100 = mm3, using 10x
WBC count of hemacytomer formula
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avg of 10 fields x 2000 = mm3, using 40x
WBC estimation formula
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avg of 10 fields x 20,000 = ul, using 100x
platelet estimation formula
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smallest #- largest # = /100x
platelet range formula
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arm
supports the eyepiece and tube
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base
firm support that bears the weight of the microscope, also used to support the microscope while carrying
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coarse focus
moves the stage up or down approximately to the correct distance
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fine focus
permits exact focusing by moving the stage up or down
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condenser
condenses and focuses the light coming from the source.
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binocular
having two eyepieces. allow for interpupillary adjustment.
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iris diaphragm
device between the light source and the stage that is used to vary the amount of light that passes through the subject
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illuminator
directs light upward though the iris diaphragm and the condenser
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eyepiece
the lens closest to the eye when looking through a microscope
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eyepiece tube
holds the ocular and objective lenses at the proper working distance from each other
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nosepiece
permits interchange of low and high power lenses
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mechanical stage
a device, which is mounted on the microscope stage, and by means of two dials allows precise movement and positioning of the slide.
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oil immersion
lens that requires a drop of special oil on the subject for use.
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objective lens
closest to the specimen
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ocular lens
closest to the eye, magnifies 10x
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scanning objective
magnifies 4x, usually with a red ring
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low power objective
maginifies 10x, used to determine cell distribution
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high power or high dry objective
magnifies 40x, used to find a good counting area
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oil immersion objective
100x, used to get your actual count...if you can't focus on this your slide might be upside down!
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objective lens x ocular lens =
number of times magnified
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proper allignment of the illuminating light for microscopy
koehler illumination
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wright's stain
polychrome stain
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Methylene blue derivatives
blue stain
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serpentince counting pattern
counting pattern of a smear
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size, nucleus, cytoplasm
3 factors of WBC identification
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adequate
clumping in feathered edge, if no platelets found in counting area
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11-29/100x, 11-26/100x
cat and dog platelet range
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normal
clear to straw color
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-
-
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hypoproteinemia - below 6g/dl
malnutrition, liver disease, renal disease, pregnancy, lactation, normal in young animals (6months or less)
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hyperproteinemia - above 7.5 g/dl
shock, neoplasms (tumors), infections, acute pancreatitis, (FIP) Feline Infectious Peritonitis, lipemia gives false readings
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acanthocytes
erythrocytes with abnormal blunt projections
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anisocytosis
variation in size of erythrocytes
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autoaggluination
spontaneous clumping or agglutination of erythrocytes in drawn blood
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basophillic
capability of staining various intensities of blue with Wright's stain
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crenation
the margins of erythrocytes appearing as sharp points
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dacrocytes
tear drop shape, associated with bone marrow disorders
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echinocytes
burr cells are spiculated erythrocytes with 10-30 equally spaced projections. very similar to crenation
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erythremic myelosis
abnormal proliferation of erythrocytic cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow
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erythrocyte refractile bodies
(ER bodies) same as Heinz bodies
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erythrocytes
mature red blood cells
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erythroid cells
cells of the erythrocytic series
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heinz bodies (ER bodies)
refractile inclusions of denatured hemoglobin often noted in cat erythrocytes. These inclusions may cause bulging of the erythrocytes. With new methylene blue stain the bodies are blue-black.
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howell-jolly bodies
retained round nucleur fragments within the erythrocytes
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hypocromasia
decreased hemoglobin in erythrocytes causing lighter color when stained
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leptocytes
thin erythrocytes with increased membrane or decreased volume. The most common form in the Target cell or folded cell
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macrocytes
red blood cells that are larger than normal, with an increased MCV. Macrocytes are usually young, polychromatophilic erythrocytes (Reticulocytes)
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metarubricytes
Immature red blood cells in a stage of development where the nucleus appears as a dark blue homogenous mass without any distinct chromatin structure.
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microcytes
red blood cells that have a diameter less than that of a normal red blood cell. A decreased MCV. Microcytes have been seen with iron deficiency
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poikilocytosis
the presence of irregularly shaped red blood cells in periphearal blood
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12-18 g/dl
canine hemoglobin
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8-15 g/dl
feline hemoglobin
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5.5-8.5 x 106
canine RBC count
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6.0-7.5 g/dl
canine and feline TP
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5.5-19,000 mm3
feline WBC
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-
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0-3%
canine and feline bands
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-
-
-
-
-
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0%
canine and feline basos
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200,000-500,000/ul
canine platelets
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300,000-700,000/ul
feline platelets
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The tendency of red blood cells to stain basophilic, young erythrocitic cells. Synonym is basophilia.
polychromasia
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developing cells in the stage from rubriblasts to rubricytes.
prorubricytes
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there is evidence of increased red blood cell production in the blood and bone marrow (polychromasia, reticulocytosis)
regenerative anemia
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young, large erythrocytes that contain a blue reticulum when stained with new methylene blue stain
reticulocytes
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red blood cells affixed in groups resembling a stack of coins
rouleau (rouleaux)
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immature cells in stage of development from stem cells to prorubricytes
rubriblasts
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immature blood cells in state of development to metarubricytes
rubricytes
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rubriblasts, prorubricytes, rubricytes, metarubricytes
order of blood cell development
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irregularly shaped fragments of erythrocytes. These are cells that have been sheared into pieces, often taking a helmet shape.
schistocytes, helmet cells
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dense spherical canine erythrocytes that appear to be smaller than normal erythrocytes
spherocytes
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erythrocytes with oval-shaped areas of central pallor and are observed in hereditary stomatocytosis of Alaskan Malamutes.
stomatocytes
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irregulary shaped erythrocytes with the appearance of a target
target cells
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