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____ is to operant conditioning as ____ is to social cognitive theory.
Skinner, Bandura
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When psychologists speak of life-span development, they are referring to an approach that emphasizes what?
The periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline
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Baltes and his colleagues assert that the mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition among three goals of human development:
Growth, maintenance, and regulatiom of loss
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The upper boundary of the human life span has historically been, and continues to be, ____ years
122
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Human reproductive cells are called...?
Gametes
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? Intelligence tests, Personality tests, Detailed medical histories, Genetic counseling?
Genetic counseling
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A ____ is someone who seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
Behavior geneticist
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One idea proposed by evolutionary developmental psychologists is that...?
An extended childhood period evolved because humans require time to learn the complexity of human societies
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The trophoblast is...?
The outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period
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An epidural block is a type of...?
Anesthesia
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What is the longest period of prenatal development?
Fetal
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In stage ____ of labor, contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open
Stage 1
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What are the two types of gametes?
Ovum and sperm
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The mother always gives a ____ chromosome
X
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What are teratogens?
Factors that can produce a birth defect
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The outer ring of cells around a fetus is the
Placenta
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Nerve cells of a baby begin to form around...?
Day 15
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The heart of a baby forms...?
At 3 weeks
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Until 8 weeks the baby uses ____ to get nutrition
The yolk sack
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ID: Culture
Encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
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ID: Cross-cultural studies
Compares aspects of two or more cultures.
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ID: Ethnicity
Rooted in cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.
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ID: Socioeconomic status:
Refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
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ID: Social policy
A government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
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ID: Biological processes
Produce changes in an individual's physical nature.
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ID: Cognitive processes
Changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
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ID: Socioemotional processes
Changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
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Periods of Development: Prenatal period
Time from conception to birth.
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Periods of Development: Infancy
Developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months.
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Periods of Development: Early Childhood
Developmental period from the end of infancy to age 5 or 6.
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Periods of Development: Middle and late childhood
Developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age.
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Periods of Development: Adolescense
12-21 years of age.
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Periods of Development: Early adulthood
Early 20s and lasts through the 30s
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Periods of Development: Middle adulthood
40s-50s
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Periods of Development: Late adulthood
60s-death
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First age:
Childhood and adolescense
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Second age:
Prime adulthood, 20s through 50s.
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Third age:
60-79 years of age.
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Fourth age:
80 and older.
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Erikson's Theory:
Eight stages of development unfold as we go through life. At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
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Freud's Theory:
Five stages of psychosexual development.
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Piaget's Theory:
Children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.
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Vygostsky's Theory:
Sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
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Skinner's Operant Conditioning:
The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurence.
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory:
Behavior, Environment, and cognition are the key factors in development.
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Ethology:
Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
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Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory:
Holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems.
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The five environmental systems of
Brofenbrenner's theory:
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.
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Microsystem:
Setting in which the individual lives.
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Mesosystem:
Involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.
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Exosystem:
Consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.
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Macrosystem:
Involves the culture in which individuals live.
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The chronosystem:
consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances
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