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Growth Hormone or ___________
-targets
- GH or somatotropin
- targets: especially bones and muscle mass (tells you to make bigger bones and muslces)
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Growth homone function
- Anabolic (build) hormome: promotes protein synthesis
- stimulates chondrocytes (make cartilage) and osteoblasts
- encourage release of fat from liver for use as energy
- causes: release of somatomedins (in the liver, do most of the work)
- ex. insulin- like IGF
- Enhances effects of GH (GH lasts 20 minutes/ IGF lasts 20 hours)
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Regulation of Growth Hormones
- controlled by hypothalamus
- hypothalamus stimulates release of GH from pituitary by sending GHRH through portal system (take something from one spot to another w/o going through the liver)
- Hypothalamus stops release of GH by sending somatostatin
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Dwarfism:
Giantism:
Acromegaly:
- Dwarfism: too little GH while growing
- Giantism:too much GH while growing
- Acromegaly: too much as adult
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What happens to growth hormones as we age?
Normal human aging: levels decline as you get older
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thyroid stimulating hormone or ________
TSH or thyrotropin
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Target and function of TSH
- target: thyroid
- function: stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin
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Regulation of TSH
- regulated by the hypothalamus
- -hypothalamus reads the thyroxin levels
- -sends TRH to stimulate pituitary
- -pituitary releases TSH (into the blood stream and goes to the thyroid)
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What is insulin like growth factor?
made by the liver; anabolic hormone and it wants to increase protein synthesis
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
target:
function:
regulation:
- target: adrenal cortex
- function: stimulate the release of glucocorticords (which influence BS levels)
- regulation:hypothalamus sends CRH to the anterior pituitary to stimulate release
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What's another name for the posterior pituitary and why is it called this?
neurohypophysis- it is an extension of the hypothalamus
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
target:
function:
- target: kidneys and artery walls
- function: decrease urine output, increase blood volume, in extremely high amounts, act as a vasoconstrictor; aka vasopressin (to increase pressure in veins)
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
regulation:
hypothalamus reads osmolarity of the blood and stimulates release of ADH as needed
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diabetes insipidus
- ADH levels are too low
- -over flow of tasteless urine, not sugar diabetes
- -low ADH levels prohibit body from controlling fluid loss
- Treatment: ADH available in nasal form
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Oxytocin
Target:
Function:
- target: uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands
- function: contraction during birth and activation of milk flow
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Thyroxin:T4
targets/functions:
- maintain normal cellular metabolism (targets the mitochondria)
- -catabolic: increase use of fats&glucose
- -anabolic: protein synthesis
- thermoregulation through maintenance of BMR
- Enhance actions of ANS esp. sympathetic
- -increase receptors for Ne and E, BP, &HR
- Essential for normal brain development
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Thyroxin: T4
Regulation:
- Regulation:hypothalamus is in control
- -hypo stimulates release of TSH from pit. by sending TRH
- -pit. releases TSH which goes to thyroid
- -thyroid releases thyroxin
- Negative Feedback: presence of thyroxin can inhibit pituitary from releasing TSH
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Hypothyroidism:
symptoms
treatment
- myxedema
- Sx: weight gain, tired, low BP, sluggish, cold, mentally slow
- Tx: give thyroxin
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Hyperthyroidism
symptoms
treatment
- Graves disease
- Sx: high BP, hyper, irritable, bulding eyes, weight loss, high body temp(sweating more), high HR
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What disease is assoicated with low ADH levels and what are the symptoms?
- diabetes insipidus
- putting out to much urine
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Calcitonin
Function/ target:
- function/target:regulation of Ca levels; acts to lower blood levels when too high; most important in children
- - inhibits action of osteoclasts
- -activates osteoblasts
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Calcitonin
regulation:
regulation: thyroid is detecting the Ca+ levels
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