-
the function of the cell membrane of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is to
regulate movemet of molecules in and out of the cell wall
-
basfilamentous protein appendages are
pili
-
extra chromosomal DNA in prokaryotes is found in
plasmids
-
small channels in gram negative cell walls that permit passage of small molecules
porins
-
the helix and pleated sheets of amino asics within a single protein, form its
secondary structure
-
the sugars found in nucleic acids consist of
5 carbon atoms
-
the carbohydrates found in nucleic acids are
ribose and deoxyribose
-
if a protien molecule is exposed to an elevated temp or the solution becomes very acidic or basic the protein may bef
denatured
-
polymers of monosaccharide subunits are termed
polysaccharides
-
carbohydrates are compounds contraining carbon dydrogen and oxygen in an approximate ratio of
1:2:1
-
the most common disaccharides are
lactose and sucrose
-
the most abundant organic molecule on earth and the principle constituent of plant cell walls is
cellulose
-
what is the correct ordor of basic staining procedure
smear, fix, stain
-
the two magnifying lenses found in a light microscope are the
ocular and objective
-
the resolving power of a microscope is described as the ability of the microscope to
seperate clearly two objects that are very close together
-
what are the differential stains
- acid fast stain
- gram stain
-
the macromolecule found in the cel walls of all bacteria is
peptidoglycan
-
the cell wall of gram positive bacteria
contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan
-
the cell wall of gram negative organisms
- has a thin peptidoglycan layer
- is characterized by an outer membrane containing LPS
-
which may resulet in gram positive bacteria appearing to be gram negative
- decolorizing too long
- using old cultures
-
a dormant cell type
endospores
-
a measure of sydrogen ion concentration
pH
-
charged ions termed as
ions
-
if electrons shared unequally, they form a
polor bond
-
the process of joining subunits to form a macromolecule involes the chemical reaction
dehydration synthesis
-
the microscope most commonly used for observing liveing microorganisms is the
phase conras microscope
-
how are organisms to be stained, fixed to the glass slide
heat
-
stains which have strong attraction for cell components and stain them on the microscope slide are
basic stain
-
ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are responsible for
protien synthesis
-
the DNA of a typical bacterium is arranged as an
double stranded circular molecule
-
is penicillin an extremely effective antibiotic to gram negative baceria
false
-
the process of joining subunits to form a macromolecule involves the chemical reaction
dehydration synthesis
-
which of the following microscopes can be used for viewing treponema pallidum
darkfield
-
stains which have a stong atrraction for cell components and stain them on the microscope slide are
basic stains
-
the purines of DNA acid are
adenine and guanine
-
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is
atomic number
-
what do amino acids consist of
- an amino group (NH2)
- a side chain (R group)
- a caboxyl group (COOH)
-
what kind of bond is formed between the Oxygen and hydrogen atoms i a water molecule
polar covalent bond
-
what kind of bond is formed between the oxgen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of an adjacent water molecule
hydrogen bond
-
DNA differ from RNA in that dna has
- two strands
- deoxyribose
- thymine
-
carbon atoms covalently bonded to another carbon or hyrogen atom are termed
organic
-
what type of bonding is responsible for holding the two strands of dna together
hydrogen
-
what elements make up 99.5% of living mater
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- phosphorus
- nitrogen
- sulfer
- chopns *not sulfer
-
macromolecules formed by the joining together of the same small molecules are termed
polymers
-
the subunits fo proteins are
amino acids
-
two or more molecule held together by a chemical bonds are termed
molecule
-
bonds which are formed when atoms share electrons
covalent
-
basic dyes have
positive charges
-
organisms which absorb crystal violet iodine and are not easily decolorized by alcohol are
gram positive
-
if electros are gained or lost in the formation of a bond the bond is termed
ionic
-
the most important molecule in the cell comprising 70% of all living organisms
water
-
the order of reagents in the gram stain reaction
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
-
the acid fast stain technique stains organisms that do not take up stain readily such as
myobacterium
-
gram positive bacteria stain
purple
-
fats are a combination of
glycerol and fatty acids
-
phospholipids are commonly referred to as
compound lipid
-
how many elements
- aproximently 110
- 92 naturally occuring
-
what is the atomic weight
sum of protons and nutrons
-
positivly charged ions
cations
-
negatively charged ions
anions
-
activites ofprotein s include
- catalyzing reactions
- being a component of cell structrures
- moving cells
- taking nutrients into the cell
- turning genes off
- being a part of cell membranes
-
degradation of macromolecules occures by
hydrolsiss
-
4 classes of macromolecules
- proteins
- polysaccarides
- nucleic acids
- lipids
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