neuroscience 2

energy transformers food - - - ATP (energy)

• -inner membrane highly folded
• -large surface area
• -space in center =matrix

• -space between the two membranes
• -about the size of bacteria
• have their don DNA

• the energy currency of the cell
• -debit card-put in money,store it, take out when needed

• -biochemical reactions
• -pumps

Adenosine triphosphate

the two outermost phosphates are held to rest of the molecule w/ high energy bonds

• -aerobic condition -36atp/glucose
• -O2 picks up eletrons at end of electron chain
• -anaerobic condition 2 Atp/glucose
• -lactic acid is produced by fermentation of glucose

• muscle cell can use lactic acid, but not neurons-brain stops working without O2
• Neurons -lack enzyme for convering pyruvate to lactic acid.

• -originated from free-living aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by anaerobic cells
• -ended up living in symbiosis w/ englufing cell

• -Shelter
• -nutriants: mitrochondria take nutrients from cytosol and turn them into energy.

partnership between a primitive anaerobic eukaryotic predator cell and aerobic bacteria. At that time earth's atmospher started to become rich in oxygen

• -move
• -change shape
• -fuse-separate

• they follow microtubuli
• liver cells -1000 mitroch/cell, take up 20% of volume

• -outer membrane-large pores -same composition as cytosol
• -pyruvate +fatty acids from glycolysis pass throught outer membrane
• -inner membrance more selective, but contains transport molecules

glycolysis happens in cell's cytosol and the rest of respiration in mitochondria

enzymes convert pyruvate + fatty acids into cetyl coa and next acetyl coa goes into citri acid cyle

• -electrons picked up and carned by NADH and FADH2
• -NADH+ FADH2 are transferred to inner mitochondrial membrance

purpose generate proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrance

• Electrons carried by NADH, FADH2 are passed along 3 main complexes each on has higher affinity for electrons than previous one
• -electrons finally transferred to oxygen ( highest affinity for electrons)
• -transfer of electrons along chain is coupled to proton (H+) movement
• -H+ pumped across inner membrance from matrix to intermembrane space.

• 1- voltage gradient across inner membrance
• -inside more negative b/c outflow of positive protons
• 2-ph gradient across inner membrance
• -lower ph in intermembrane space
• 1+2 act to pull H+ back into matrix
• now we can use force of proton gradient to drive ATP synthase to generate ATP from food.

• -f1, projects on matrix side of inner membrance
• -transmembrance H+ carrier =FO
• -long arm=Stator

• protons flow down proton gradient througt FO
• -as subunit in FO bind protons they move results in retation
• -proton gradient converted mechanical energy
• -converted to shaft in center of lollipop head (blue on right)

• 3, and the changes in protein conformation due to rotation binds p, to ADP.
• 3 molecule of atp per revolution
• -ATP synthase can generate 100 molecules of ATP per second

if atp concertration is hight and proton gradient is low