Volume 4 Chapter 7

• Gives the body structural form
• Protects vital organs
• Allows for efficient movement
• Stores salts and other minerals
• Produces red blood cells

Small perforations along the long bones through which blood vessels and nerves travel through the bone itself

Bone-forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone

Cell that helps in creation of new bone during growth and bone repair

Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone

Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft

Loss of blood vessels from a body part

Hollow shaft found in long bones

End of a long bone, including the epiphyseal plate and supporting structure underlying the joint

Having a lattice-work structure as in the spongy tissue of bone

Surface of a bone that moves against another bone

Growth zone of a bone. Active during the development stages of youth. It is located between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Area of the metaphysis where carilage is generated during growth in childhood. Also called growth plate

Cavity within a bone that contains marrow

Tissue that stores fat in a semiliquid form within the internal cavities of the bone

Tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for the manufacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells.

The tough exterior bone covering

Connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system

Bone that forms in a tendon

Area where adjacent bones articulate

• Synarthroses-immovable
• Amphiarthroses-very limited movement
• Diathroses (synovial)- free movement
• -Monaxial
• -Biaxial
• -Triaxial

Examples: skull, jaw and teeth

Examples: vertebrae, sacrum and ilium

• Monaxial-
• -Hindge joints-knees, elbows, fingers
• -Pivot joints- cervical spine and head. atlas and axis

• Biaxial-
• -Condyloid-gliding joints-carpals, clavicle/sternum
• -Ellipsodial-wrist and metacarpals
• -Saddle-base of thumbs

• Triaxial-
• -Ball and socket-hip and shoulder

Movement of a body part toward midline

Movement of body part away from midline

Movement at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate

Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and hold joints together

Substance that lubricates joints

Sac containing synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures

Bones of the head, thorax and spine

Bones of the extremities, shoulder, girdle, pelvis

Traiangular bone buried within the musculature of the upper back

Bone that holds the scapular and shoulder joint at a fixed distance from the sternum and permits the shoulder to move up and down

Single bone of the proximal upper extremities

Bone on the thumb side of the forearm

Bone on the little finger side of the forearm

Proximal end of the ulna

Bones of the wrist

Bones of the palm

Bones of the fingers

Skeletal structure where the lower extremities attach to the body

One of the structures of the pelvis (pelvic wings including the ilium, ischium and pubis)

Large flat innominate bone

Irregular innominate bone

Irregular innominate bone

Lateral bony ridge that is a landmark of the pelvis

One of the bony knobs of the posterior pelvis

Hollow depression in the lateral pelvis that forms the articular surface for the femoral head

Large bone of the proximal lower extremity

The larger bone of the lower leg that articulates with the femur

The small bone of the lower leg

The protuberance of the ankle (medial and lateral)

The largest bone of the foot, heel.

One of the bones forming the arch of the foot

• Smooth-autonomic, blood vessels, digestion
• Cardiac-heart muscle
• Skeletal- voluntary, striated

Small bundle of muscle fibers

Attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move or experiences the least motion with muscle contraction

Attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves with contraction

Pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of the limbs

Bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

State of slight contraction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract

• Contusion- rupture of blood vessels in muscle causing accumulation of blood
• Compartment syndrome- buildup of pressure from fluid accumulation within the fasciae
• Penetrating injury- foreign objects penetrating muscle tissue
• Muscle fatigue- muscles reach their limit of performance through depletion of nutrients and accumulation of toxins
• Muscle cramp- muscle pain resulting from lack of oxygen and accumulation of waste
• Muscle spasm- interrmitent or continuous contraction of a muscle
• Muscle strain- injury resulting from overstretching of muscle fibers

• Sprain
• Subluxation
• Dislocation

Tearing of a joint capsule's connective tissue

• Grade I- minor and incomplete tear, painful, minimal swelling, stable joint
• Grade II- significant but incomplete tear, moderate to severe pain, swealling, joint intact but unstable
• Grade III- complete tear, severe pain and spasm, joint unstable

Partial displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule

Complete displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule

A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it do not penetrate the skin

A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it penetrate the skin

Small crack in a bone that does not disrupt its total structure

Break in a bone in which the bone is compressed on itself. Bone remains in position and retains some strength

A break that runs across a bone perpendicular to the bone's orientation

Break in a bone running across it at an angle other than 90 degrees

Fracture in which the bone is broken into several pieces

A curving break in a bone as may be caused by rotational forces

Break in a bone associated with prolonged or repeated stress

Partial fracture of a child's bone. Only disrupts on side of the long bone and remains angulated. Interrupts healing and causes bone to end up misshapen

Disruption of the epiphyseal (growth) plate of a child's bone

Weakening of the bone tissue due to loss of essential minerals, especially calcium

Result from a disease process which disrupts bone tissue

Thickened area that forms at the site of the fracture as part of a repair process

Acute or chronic inflammation of the small synovial sacks, bursa

Inflammation of a tendon and/or its protective sheath

Inflammation of the joint

Inflammation of a joint resulting from wearing of the articular cartilage

Chronic disease that causes deterioration of peripheral joint connective tissue

Inflammation of joints and connective tissue due to a buldup of uric acid crystals

• -Life-and-limb threatening injuries
• -Life-threatening injuries, minor musculoskeletal injuries
• -Non-life-threatening injuries, serious limb threatening injures
• -Non-life-threatening injuries, isolated minor musculosketal injuries

• Pain
• Pallor
• Parlysis
• Paresthesia
• Pressure
• Pulses

• Feelings of tension within a limb
• Loss of distal sensation (especially in webs of fingers and toes)
• Complaints of pain
• Condition more severe than mechanism would indicate
• Pain on passive extension of extremity
• Pulse deficit (late sign)

• Protecting open wounds
• Proper positioning
• Immobilizing the injury
• Monitoring of neurovascular functioning

Returning of displaced bone ends to their proper anatomical orientation

• Rest the extremity
• Ice for first 48 hours
• Compress with elastic banadge
• Elevate extremitity