-
Functions of the Skeleton
- Gives the body structural form
- Protects vital organs
- Allows for efficient movement
- Stores salts and other minerals
- Produces red blood cells
-
Haversian Canals
Small perforations along the long bones through which blood vessels and nerves travel through the bone itself
-
Osteocyte
Bone-forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone
-
Osteoblast
Cell that helps in creation of new bone during growth and bone repair
-
Osteoclast
Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone
-
Perforating Canals
Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft
-
Devascularization
Loss of blood vessels from a body part
-
Diaphysis
Hollow shaft found in long bones
-
Epiphysis
End of a long bone, including the epiphyseal plate and supporting structure underlying the joint
-
Cancellous Bone
Having a lattice-work structure as in the spongy tissue of bone
-
Articular Surface
Surface of a bone that moves against another bone
-
Metaphysis
Growth zone of a bone. Active during the development stages of youth. It is located between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
-
Epiphyseal Plate
Area of the metaphysis where carilage is generated during growth in childhood. Also called growth plate
-
Medullary Canal
Cavity within a bone that contains marrow
-
Yellow Bone Marrow
Tissue that stores fat in a semiliquid form within the internal cavities of the bone
-
Red Bone Marrow
Tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for the manufacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells.
-
Periosteum
The tough exterior bone covering
-
Cartilage
Connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system
-
Sesamoid Bone
Bone that forms in a tendon
-
Joint
Area where adjacent bones articulate
-
Types of Joints
- Synarthroses-immovable
- Amphiarthroses-very limited movement
- Diathroses (synovial)- free movement
- -Monaxial
- -Biaxial
- -Triaxial
-
Synarthroses
Examples: skull, jaw and teeth
-
Amphiarthroses
Examples: vertebrae, sacrum and ilium
-
Diarthroses
- Monaxial-
- -Hindge joints-knees, elbows, fingers
- -Pivot joints- cervical spine and head. atlas and axis
- Biaxial-
- -Condyloid-gliding joints-carpals, clavicle/sternum
- -Ellipsodial-wrist and metacarpals
- -Saddle-base of thumbs
- Triaxial-
- -Ball and socket-hip and shoulder
-
Adduction
Movement of a body part toward midline
-
Abduction
Movement of body part away from midline
-
Circumduction
Movement at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate
-
Ligaments
Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and hold joints together
-
Synovial Fluid
Substance that lubricates joints
-
Bursa
Sac containing synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures
-
Axial Skeleton
Bones of the head, thorax and spine
-
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the extremities, shoulder, girdle, pelvis
-
Scapula
Traiangular bone buried within the musculature of the upper back
-
Clavicle
Bone that holds the scapular and shoulder joint at a fixed distance from the sternum and permits the shoulder to move up and down
-
Humerus
Single bone of the proximal upper extremities
-
Radius
Bone on the thumb side of the forearm
-
Ulna
Bone on the little finger side of the forearm
-
Olecranon
Proximal end of the ulna
-
Carpal Bones
Bones of the wrist
-
Metacarpals
Bones of the palm
-
Phalanges
Bones of the fingers
-
Pelvis
Skeletal structure where the lower extremities attach to the body
-
Innominate
One of the structures of the pelvis (pelvic wings including the ilium, ischium and pubis)
-
Ilium
Large flat innominate bone
-
Ischium
Irregular innominate bone
-
Pubis
Irregular innominate bone
-
Iliac Crest
Lateral bony ridge that is a landmark of the pelvis
-
Ischial Tuberosity
One of the bony knobs of the posterior pelvis
-
Acetabulum
Hollow depression in the lateral pelvis that forms the articular surface for the femoral head
-
Femur
Large bone of the proximal lower extremity
-
Tibia
The larger bone of the lower leg that articulates with the femur
-
Fibula
The small bone of the lower leg
-
Malleolus
The protuberance of the ankle (medial and lateral)
-
Calcaneus
The largest bone of the foot, heel.
-
Metatarsal
One of the bones forming the arch of the foot
-
Types of Muscle
- Smooth-autonomic, blood vessels, digestion
- Cardiac-heart muscle
- Skeletal- voluntary, striated
-
Fasciculus
Small bundle of muscle fibers
-
Origin
Attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move or experiences the least motion with muscle contraction
-
Insertion
Attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves with contraction
-
Opposition
Pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of the limbs
-
Tendons
Bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
-
Tone
State of slight contraction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract
-
Types of Muscular Injury
- Contusion- rupture of blood vessels in muscle causing accumulation of blood
- Compartment syndrome- buildup of pressure from fluid accumulation within the fasciae
- Penetrating injury- foreign objects penetrating muscle tissue
- Muscle fatigue- muscles reach their limit of performance through depletion of nutrients and accumulation of toxins
- Muscle cramp- muscle pain resulting from lack of oxygen and accumulation of waste
- Muscle spasm- interrmitent or continuous contraction of a muscle
- Muscle strain- injury resulting from overstretching of muscle fibers
-
Types of Joint Injury
- Sprain
- Subluxation
- Dislocation
-
Sprain
Tearing of a joint capsule's connective tissue
- Grade I- minor and incomplete tear, painful, minimal swelling, stable joint
- Grade II- significant but incomplete tear, moderate to severe pain, swealling, joint intact but unstable
- Grade III- complete tear, severe pain and spasm, joint unstable
-
Subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule
-
Dislocation
Complete displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule
-
Closed Fracture
A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it do not penetrate the skin
-
Open Fracture
A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it penetrate the skin
-
Hairline Fracture
Small crack in a bone that does not disrupt its total structure
-
Impacted Fracture
Break in a bone in which the bone is compressed on itself. Bone remains in position and retains some strength
-
Transverse Fracture
A break that runs across a bone perpendicular to the bone's orientation
-
Oblique Fracture
Break in a bone running across it at an angle other than 90 degrees
-
Comminuted Fracture
Fracture in which the bone is broken into several pieces
-
Spiral Fracture
A curving break in a bone as may be caused by rotational forces
-
Fatigue Fracture
Break in a bone associated with prolonged or repeated stress
-
Greenstick Fracture
Partial fracture of a child's bone. Only disrupts on side of the long bone and remains angulated. Interrupts healing and causes bone to end up misshapen
-
Epiphyseal Fracture
Disruption of the epiphyseal (growth) plate of a child's bone
-
Osteoporosis
Weakening of the bone tissue due to loss of essential minerals, especially calcium
-
Pathological Fractures
Result from a disease process which disrupts bone tissue
-
Callus
Thickened area that forms at the site of the fracture as part of a repair process
-
Bursitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the small synovial sacks, bursa
-
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon and/or its protective sheath
-
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joint
-
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of a joint resulting from wearing of the articular cartilage
-
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic disease that causes deterioration of peripheral joint connective tissue
-
Gout
Inflammation of joints and connective tissue due to a buldup of uric acid crystals
-
Classification of Patients with Musculoskeletal Injuries
- -Life-and-limb threatening injuries
- -Life-threatening injuries, minor musculoskeletal injuries
- -Non-life-threatening injuries, serious limb threatening injures
- -Non-life-threatening injuries, isolated minor musculosketal injuries
-
The Six P's of Evaluating Limb Injury
- Pain
- Pallor
- Parlysis
- Paresthesia
- Pressure
- Pulses
-
Early Indicators of Compartment Syndome
- Feelings of tension within a limb
- Loss of distal sensation (especially in webs of fingers and toes)
- Complaints of pain
- Condition more severe than mechanism would indicate
- Pain on passive extension of extremity
- Pulse deficit (late sign)
-
Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury Care
- Protecting open wounds
- Proper positioning
- Immobilizing the injury
- Monitoring of neurovascular functioning
-
Reduction
Returning of displaced bone ends to their proper anatomical orientation
-
RICE Procedure for Strains, Sprains and Soft-Tissue Injury
- Rest the extremity
- Ice for first 48 hours
- Compress with elastic banadge
- Elevate extremitity
|
|