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What is any prominent, roughened projection from a bone?
process
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What is a large, knuckle-like articular prominence?
condyle
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A blank is a tube-like canal through a bone
meatus
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What is a smooth flat articular surface
fovea, facet
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What is the pulley-shaped structure of the femer?
trochlear
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How are synovial joints classified by their number of articular surfaces?
into simple and compound
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What structural type of joint is characterized by its mobility?
synovial
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What are the strong bands of white fibrous tissue uniting bones?
ligaments
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What plate of fibrocartilage partially or completely divides the joint cabity of the stifle and temporomandibular joint?
menisci or discs
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What structure attaches two bones?
ligament
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How do muscles owrk mechanically
by pulling and not pushing
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In anatomy how does the length of a name compare to the importance of the structure.
longer the name the less important the structure is
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Rotation is movment of a part around its blank axis
longitudinal
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What is movement of an extremity in a plane describing the surface of a cone
circumduction
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How do respiratory muscles work due to their location?
Inspiratory mm - located cranially increase the size of the thorax by pulling the ribs cranially and laterally therefore the diaphram must move caudally
Expiratory muscles locaed caudally decrease thoracic volume by pullling ribs caudally and medially
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Why are the flexors and extensors different in the leg and forepaw?
- in the leg the extensors extend the pes and flex the digits or vise versa
- in the forepaw the extensors and flexors act on both the joints in the same fashion
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What are the muscles that connect the eye and the body and move the eyes and are innecerated by the 3rd 4th and 6th cranial nn
extrinsic muscles of the eye
-
What is the swelling of the dorsal root
dorsal root ganglia which are cell bodies located in the periphery for sensory fibers
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Ventral branches of spinal nerves interlace to form?
plexuses
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Plexuses are formed by the ventral branches of the spinal nerve in every region except which?
thorax
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What is the fx of the ANS
Maintain the homeostasis of an organism
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Autonomic functions are mainly set up by ?
reflex arcs - visceral sensory and motor nn
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The visceral effectors of the ANS usually have a _ innervation?
dual
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What are the two motor fibers of the autonomic nervous system?
pre and post ganglionic
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Where are the cell bodies of the parasym preganglionic fibers?
Where are the cell bodies of the symp preganglionic fibers?
in the nuclei of cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 10 in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord segment,
intermediolateral gray matter of the spinal cord
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The ans although said to be involuntary is still controlled by?
higher centers in the brain- cerebral cortex hypothalamus and medulla oblongata
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What are the neurotransmitters of the ANS
ACh for preganglionic and post in parasympathietic
NorE for post gang of sympathetic
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What gland is part of the symp ANS
adrenal gland (medulla)
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What results from sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal gland?
Nor E is dumped into the blood stream and a massive sympathetic response results
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Why is the parasym activity more discrete than the sympathetic?
ACh is destroyed locally while NorE is dumped into the blood stream by the adrenals
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Whare are the ANS structures in the neck?
vagosympathetic trunk and vertebral n
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With what is the vagosympathetic trunk intimately associated with?
common carotid a in the carotid sheath
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What is the parasympathietic nerve to the head?
cranial n 3, 7, 9 ,10
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What is the sympathetic innervation to the head?
postganglionic from cranial cervical ganglion
-
What is the parasympth to the thorax
Symp?
vagus n ( cardiac and pulmonary plexus)
sympathetic trunk, cervico throacic stellate ganglia, ansa subclavia, middle cervical ganglion, cardiac and pulmonary plexus
-
Symp innervation to abdomen
Para
splanchnic nn and collateral ganglion and plexus
vagus to the end of the transverse colon pelvic n and descending colon
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What is the sympthetic to the pelvis
para
hypogastric nerves
pelvic nerves
-
List the parts of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
-
what marks the division between the vagina and the vestibule
external urethral orfice
-
what suspends the female reproductive tract int he abdomen
broad ligament or connecting peritoneum
-
What serosa connects the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics?
mesorchium or connecting vaginal tunic
-
What is the vaginal ring
point of evagination of peritoneum through inguinal canal forming opening between peritoneal and vaginal cavities
-
What is the only accesory sex gland in the dog? cat?
prostate if ampulla or ductus deferens not included cat also has bulbourethral gland
-
What are the two pincipal divisions of the circulatory sx
blood vascular and lymph vascular systems
-
Whar are capillaries?
microscopic vessels exchanging oxygen and wastes with tissues
-
What is interstitial fluid?
fluid bathing the body's cells
-
In carnivores what are the branches of the aortic arch
brachiocephalic and left subclavian
-
Name the main branches of the terminal aorta
2 external 2 internal iliac and 1 median sacral aa
-
What are the terminal branches of the internal iliac aa
internal pudendal and caudal gluteal aa
-
What is the main branch to the pelvic viscera
and specifically the uterus
- vaginal or prostatic aa
- uterine artery off vaginal
-
What is the main branch of the vaginal aa
uterine aa
-
What is the blood supply to the uterus in carnivores?
uterine aa and uterine branch of the ovarian aa
-
What is the name of the coiled testicular vein around the testicular aa in the spermatic cord?
pampiniform plexus
-
How are the deep veins of the limb named
for the arteries they travel with
-
Outline where the cephalic vein is
arises on the palmar side of the paw and travels proximally wrapping around to the cranial side by the accessory cephalic v and then continues up the cranial forearm and elbow to eventually empty into the external jugular
-
What superficial vein arises from the dorsum of the paw and joins the cephalic vein proximal to the carpus
accessory cepahlic vein
-
What veins form the external jugular vein
maxillary and linguofacial vv
-
What are the large valveless venous passages located within the dura that drain the brain and skull
dural sinuses
-
What makes up the lympathic system
lymphatic tissues and vessels ( lymph, lymph nodes, and vessels, nodules, peyes patches tonisils thymus and spleen)
-
Describe lympathic vessles
similar to veins but thinner walls more valves and lymph nodes along their course
-
Describe a typical lymph node
ovoid or bean shaped encapsulated lymphoid tissue scattered along the course of the medium size lymph vessel
-
List the superficial lymph nodes and their locations
parotid below the ears, mandibular, superficial cervical which is cranial to the shoulder joint, popliteal superficial inguinal
-
What are the lymph nodes located around the tracheal bifurcation and drain the lungs
tracheobonchial lymph nodes
-
What are the lymphoepithelial structures or masses of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue within various mucous membranes that protect the entrachnces to the body
tonsils
-
what is the largest lymphoid organ in the body
spleen
-
What lymph nodes are located in the cranial mediastinum
cranial mediastinal lymph nodes
-
what is another name for the skin
integumentary
-
how does the epidermis recieve nutrition
blood vessels in the dermis
-
what are the ong course hairs sensory to touch called
tactile hair or vibrissae
-
where are the tactile hairs found
above the eyes on the muzzle behind the carpus
-
What is the opening surrounded by the eyelids
palpebral fissure
-
what is the clear rostral part of the eyeball
cornea
-
How does the third eyelid protect the eye
it covers the eye when eyeball is retracted
-
what is the groove in the upperlip and between the nostrils
philtrum
-
What are the functions of the teeth in dogs
prehensile tools and weapons
-
the ears can be directed to sounds _ of eachother
independant
-
where do you palpate the floating ribs on the standing dog
caudal and dorsal to the costal acrch
-
list the mammae of the dog
2 thoracic, 2 abdominal, 1 inguinal
-
what is the base of the tail on top line of the body called
tail head
-
what is the perineum
closes the pelvic outlet around the terminal parts of the urogenital and digestive tracts
-
what does the external perineum or perineal region include
anus and the vulva in the female, even though the vulva projects below the level of the pelvic floor to just above the scrotum in the dog
-
what are the boundaries of the perineum
- base of the tail, dorsal
- tuber ischii lateral
- past the vulva in the female and to the base of the scrotum in the male past the scrotum in cats - ventral
-
what are the specific openings of the anal sacs
mucocutaneious junctions - where the mucous membrane meets the skin at the 4 and 8 position
-
what is the sheath of skin covering the penis
prepuce
-
what is the female counterpart to the scrotum
labia
-
with what is the word brachium easy to confuse
brachy meaning short
-
What structure does the carups metacarpus and digits compose
manus
-
where would you find the tibia and fibula
crus
-
what is the distal part of the hind limb consisting of the tarsus metataruss and digits called and what does it corespond to in humans
pes , the human foot
-
what is the common name for the tarus (ankle_)
hock
-
which limbs are more likely to have dew claws
forelimbs
-
what are the spaces between the digits
interdigital spaces
-
name the toughest skin of carnivores
pads
-
Although radiology seldom yields a final diagnosis how does it contribute
ddx list
-
how is teh visible image or radiograph created
Passage of ionized radiation through the body, interaction of the escaped radiation with intensifying screens, the action of subsequent emitted light with film and the effect of developing chemicals
-
a radiograph is basically a negative, therefore the whiter or darker the film tells us what
- darker- more overexposed
- whiter- underexposed
-
how does a radiograph machine create a directed beam of electrodes
- passes electrons from a cathode through a vacuum to hit the anode giving off x rays- photons, as a beam and creating heat
- beam leaves lead box through shuttered opening
-
describe a radiograph cassette
hold the radiograph film sandwiched between intensifying screens
-
How is the object to be radiographed placed in relationship to the x ray machine and the cassette
placed on the cassette between it and the tube head
-
what is the part of the x ray macine allowed restriction of the size of the beam leaving the machine
collimator
-
describe a radiograph
a piece of plastic with a bilayer of silver halide emulsion
-
how does the silver halide emulsion on a radiographic film react with x ray or light and become a radiograph
x ray or ligh activates the silver halide, process developer crystalliees activated silver halide = silver metal, and it appears black, and sticks to the plastic, fixer clears the unreactive silver halide leaving only the plastic film
-
What is a fluorescent light source for viewing radiographs
viewer
-
what is a strong source of ligh placed behind the film to view overexposed areas - ie darker than desired
spotlight or hot light
-
what are the three things that can happen to part of the beam hitting the object
reflection further transmission or absorption
-
What is scatter
relection or compton scatter- the redirection of a percentatge of the primary beam striking an object's surface
-
What affects penetration or transmittance
both the object's thickness and density
-
what is the inverse square law
intensity varies with the square of the distance or doubling the distance quarters the effective power
-
what is divergence in relationship to radiology
spreading the primary beam or scatter as it moves away from the source
-
because of divergence in radiology how does placement on the cassette affect the radiograph
closer the object to the cassette the less the divergence thus the smaller or closer to normal size and sharper the image is
-
is an overexposed or an underexposed film better
overexposed if not in film there is no way to get it in the film but if its in may be able to use a spot light
-
What is denser fat or water
water as fat floats
-
what are the water densities seen in a radiograph
soft tissue densities are viscera muscles and fluids, all appear similar not easily distingusihed
-
how does the heart appear radiographically why
soldi gray shadow disc as fluid filled ventrical not demarcated from the soft tissue walls
-
what identiication does a film need in addition to r and l markers
client name animal date facilty timed study and time elapsed after procedure
-
what can be sued to properly place the animal in relation to the beam direction without having to use people
sand bags and positional devices
-
what are artifacts on radiographs
not part of the animal ie dirt wet hair ointments static iodine processing mistakes and physical damage of the screens
-
how are laterals usually taken
med to lateral so the animal can put its limb on the cassette
-
silhouetted caudal and cranial structures indicate the beam was directed how
lateromedially or mediolaterally
-
what does silhouetteed mean when discussing radiographs
edges of a structure are contrasted against air or soft tissue
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