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____ total bones in the adult skeleton.
206
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The skeletal system is divided into two divisions:
- 1. Axial skeleton
- 2. Appendicular skeleton
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Division of the skeletal system that contains 80 bones (skull, ribs, vertebra)
Axial skeleton
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Division of the skeletal system that contains 126 bones (pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle)
Appendicular skeleton
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What are the two major divisions of the bones of the skull?
- 1. Cranial bones
- 2. Facial bones
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How many bones make up the cranial bones and what are their functions?
8; house and protect the brain
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How many bones make up the facial bones and what are their functions?
14; protect things like your senses (eyes, nose, mouth, openings to the digestive system, and respiratory system)
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List the 8 bones that make up the cranial bones:
- - Frontal (1)
- - Parietal (2)
- - Temporal (2)
- - Occipital (1)
- - Sphenoid (1)
- - Ethmoid (1)
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List the that bones that make up the facial bones:
- - Nasal (2)
- - Maxillae (2)
- - Zygomatic (2)
- - Mandible (1)
- - Lacrimal (2)
- - Palatine(2)
- - Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- - Vomer (1)
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The frontal bone contains:
- Forehead
- Eye socket (superior part)
- Also forms much of the anterior floor of the cranial cavity
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The parietal bone contains:
- Form much of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
- Sagittal suture joins the two parietal bones
- Lambdoid suture separates the parietal and occipital
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The temporal bones contains:
- Form the inferior lateral part of the cranial floor plus part of the lateral wall near the ear
- Zygomatic arch
- Internal auditory meatus- ear canal
- Mastoid process
- Styloid process
- The petrous
- Carotid foremen and jugular foremen
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Houses the area for your hearing and equilibrium
The petrous
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Zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the Zygomatic bone make up the _______.
Zygomatic arch
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The occipital bone contains:
- Forms much of the posterior wall, and the posterior floor, of the cranial cavity
- - Prominent surface feature include:
- o Foremen Magnum
- o Occipital condyles
- o External Occipital protuberance
- Ligamentum nuchae
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- Found on the prominent surface of the occipital bone
- Largest foremen in the body, spinal cord goes through it
Foremen Magnum
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-Found on the prominent surface of the occipital bone
-Articulate with the 1st cervical vertebra
Occipital condyles
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-Found on the prominent surface of the occipital bone
-Ridge
External Occipital protuberance
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-Found on the occipital bone
-Thin strip of tissue that muscles and tendons attach to on the back of your head
Ligamentum nuchae
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-Cranial bone
-Articulates with all other cranial bones, providing considerable stability to the skull
-Has a complex shape resembling a bat
Sphenoid bone
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3 prominent features of the spenoid bone are:
- o Optic foramen (optic nerves)
- o Houses one of the paranasal sinuses
- o Sella Turcica
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Depression within the Sphenoid bone; where the pituitary gland is located
Sella Turcica
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Wings of the sphenoid bone that are more superior and larger; part of the lateral wall of the skull
Greater wings
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Wings of the sphenoid bone that are part of the floor of the cranial cavity
Lesser wings
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-Cranial bone
-Uniquely shaped bone with numerous paranasal sinuses
Ethmoid bone
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The ethmoid bone forms:
- -The medial wall of the eye socket
- -Cribiform plate
- -Crista gali
- -Superior and middle nasal conchae
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-Formed by the ethmoid bone
-Floor of the cranial cavity
Cribiform plate
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-Formed by the ethmoid bone
-Attachment site for the falx cerebri (divides the hemispheres of the cerebrum)
Crista gali
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-Formed by the ethmoid bone
-Filters the air that we breathe before it goes to the lungs
Superior and middle nasal conchae
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-These are paired bones that form the bridge of the nose
-Form the anterior portion of the medial wall of the eye socket
Nasal bone
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-A depression found in the nasal bone that goes down into the maxilla
-Contains a Lacrimal sac (takes the tears down into the nasal area- cry or get cold, nose runs as well)
Lacrimal groove
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-These are paired bones that form the anterior portion of the medial wall of the eye socket
Lacrimal bones
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-These are paired bones that form the posterior edge of the hard palate, as well as portions of the eye socket and nasal cavity wall and floor
Palatine bone
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-Facial bone
-Helps to swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs
Inferior nasal conchae
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Only the ________ of the Ethmoid bone increases the surface area and gives us our sense of smell.
Superior nasal conchae
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-Only one, sits on the floor of the nasal cavity
-Perpendicular part that meets with the Ethmoid bone and forms the nasal septum
Vomer bone
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-The paired maxillary bones
-Internally, somewhat hollowed out and makes way for sinuses
Maxillae
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These bones form the prominences on the anterior face
Zygomatic
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The _____ joins with the Zygomatic process to form the Zygomatic arch.
Temporal process
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This arched bone forms the lower jawbone
Mandible
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Structural features of the mandible:
- 1. Body
- 2. Rami (For muscle attachment)
- 3. Angle
- 4. Condylar process (More superior and rounded)
- 5. Coronoid process (Inferior and pointed)
- 6. Mandibular notch (Between the Condylar and Coronoid processes)
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Septum that is formed from 3 seperate components
Nasal septum
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What are the three seperate components that make up the nasal septum?
- 1. Superior part of the vomer
- 2. Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid
- 3. Septal (hyaline) cartilage
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Usually a broken nose is damage to the ____ (can’t really do anything about it)
Septal (hyaline) cartilage
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Formed by 3 cranial bones and 4 facial bones
Orbital
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Associated with each orbit are 5 openings:
- 1. optic foramen (canal)
- 2. superior orbital fissure
- 3. inferior orbital fissure
- 4. supraorbital foramen
- 5. lacrimal fossa
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-These are cavities within frontal, sphenoid, Ethmoid, and maxillary bones
-They are lined with mucous membrane
Paranasal sinuses
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What are three functions of paranasal sinuses?
- 1. Filters and warms the air as you breathe in
- 2. Helps the quality of your voice- helps for you to resonate
- 3. Lightens the mass of your head
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What are two unique features of the skull?
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What are 4 types of sutures in the skull?
- 1. Coronal
- 2. Sagittal
- 3. Lambdoid
- 4. Squamous
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-Suture
-Frontal and parietal
Coronal suture
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-Suture
-Two parietal bones
Sagittal suture
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-Suture
-Parietals with occipital
Lambdoid suture
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-Suture
-Parietals with temporals
Squamous sutures
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-Associate with a new born, soft spot
-So the baby’s head can go through the birth canal
Fontanels
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Fontanels are unossified mesechymal tissue that becomes bone through _________.
Intermembranous ossification
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Depressions in the skull
Cranial Fossae
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3 types of cranial fossae:
- 1. Anterior
- 2. Middle
- 3. Posterior
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Depressions in the frontal lobes of the brain
Anterior cranial fossae
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Depressions in the temporal lobes of the brain
Middle cranial fossae
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Depressions in the cerebellum, pons, and the medulla oblongata
Posterior cranial fossae
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-Unpaired
-No other bone articulates with this bone- specifically for muscle attachment
Hyoid bone
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The hyoid bone is suspended from the ________.
Styloid processes
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The hyoid bone consists of the a horizontal, rectangular body, and paired projections called the ______ and the ________.
Lesser horns and greater horns
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What are the divisions of the vertebral column?
- 1. Cervical (7)
- 2. Thoracic (12)
- 3. Lumbar (5)
- 4. Sacral (fused 5)
- 5. Coccygeal (fused 4)
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Normal curves of the vertebral column include the _____ cervical and lumbar curves and the ______ of the thoracic and sacral curves.
Convex; Concave
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Abnormal curves of the vertebral column are usually caused by ________.
Osteoporoses
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What are 3 types of abnormal curves in the vertbral column?
- 1. Scoliosis
- 2. Kyphosis
- 3. Lordosis
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Lateral abnormality in the vertebral column
Scoliosis
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-Increased thoracic curve in the vertebral column
-Hunchback
Kyphosis
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-Increased lumbar curve in the vertebral column
-Swayback
Lordosis
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What are 7 structures common to most vertebraes?
- 1. Body
- 2. Vertebral arch
- 3. Pedicle
- 4. Lamina
- 5. Spinous process
- 6. Transverse processes (2)
- 7. Articular processes (2 superior, 2 inferior)
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The body of the vertebrae is seperated by _________.
Intervertebral discs
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What part of the vertebra surrounds and protects the spinal cord?
Vertebral arch
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What part of the vertebra protects lateral walls?
Pedicle
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What part of the vertebra protects the posterior walls?
Lamina
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Surgery to fix a slipped disc, now use the Swiss cheese effect from the hot doctor
Laminectomy
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How are the 7 cervical vertebra (C1-C7) divided up?
- 1. C1-Atlas
- 2. C2- Axis
- 3. C3-C7
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What part of the cervical vertebra allows you to shake your head in a yes movement (up and down)?
C1-Atlas
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Process which inserts C2 into C1
Dens
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What part of the cervical vertebra allows you to move your head in a no movement (left and right)?
C2-Axis
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Articulation of C1 and C2
Atlantoaxial joint
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Have the most features in common of the cervical vertebrae
C3-C7
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What are some common features of C3-C7?
- -Transverse foramen (specific to cervical vertebrae)
- -Small body
- -Larger vertebral foramen
- -Bifid spinous processes
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