L&P Quiz 2

• S-situation, setting, scene, time, place
• P-participants
• E-ends, purpose or goal of interaction
• A-Act sequence, message form and content
• K-key, manner or spirit in which speech is carried out
• I-instrumentalities-how message is transmitteed, oral written signing
• N-norms (interaction, interpretation) common knowledge,
• G-genre (proverbs, ads, joke, story, lecture)

Process, art, or sciene of winning and holding control over the government

• others" competing for power, a "mass of lies evasions folly hatred and schizo-Orwell
• Plato-"nothing but corruption"
• one concerned with the studyi of people and the lives they lead in organized communities

• A person who is practically engaged in running a country, district or town
• Person experienced in running the business or art of gov't.
• Practitioner of the art of politics, despised by those outside political arena -Brewer's
• Primarily interested in political office for selfish reasons-Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
• statesman who places nation at his service-Pomidou

• issue that demands serious analysis and requires an action possibly leading to a change for good in the society
• an issue relating to the gov't or the conduct of gov't
• an issue relation to party politics

• An iusse is ptcz if it is given a political tone or character
• " " if it is assumed to be wrong and is therefore being analyzed and/or changed for the benefit of society

• a collection of genres such as:
• political speeches, cabinet meetings, political slogans, national budget

immigration, social security, medicare, environment, prescription drugs, education, national security, propaganda

• Context features: political settign, participants
• Social doman of politics
• Political implications (influence decisions)
• Aim or function
• Places politicians and their views

Reference for journalists, political commentators, and politicians.

• Labels specify a politician's ideological values
• used for in-group/out-group references
• may carry positive or negative connotations

• Socialists or radicals.
• Political actors on the left typically advocate for gov't or collective ownership and control of the administration and distribution of services and goods.
• ideologically between capitalism and communism, referred to as radicals, advocate extreme measures to restore/change political state of affairs.

socialist or radical with strong views to the left or a radical on the extreme edge of leftist idealogy

• Conservaties and often belong to nationalist groups. often support or adhere to existing and established institutions, values-especially so called traditional valued
• nationalists often elevate or place their nation above all other nations
• place primary emphasis on promoting their nation's interests and culture rather than those of other nations
• Right winger: A right winger is a conservative with strong views to the right or a conservative with conservative ideology.

• between Left and Right
• could be either on the right of left or on the left of right
• often tend to hold less radical views
• left of center, right of center
• participants and context of above determines positive/negative connotations.

• Wets:lacked the courage to support Thatcher
• Dry: her supporters

the art of persuasion

• Ethos: Persuasion through personality. A kind of proof created by a speaker’s
• appearance as credible and appealing. An
• appeal to the reputation, disposition, or character of a speaker or writer.

• Pathos: Persuasion through arousal. Proof relying on appeals to personal motives
• and emotions. An appeal, which touches the feelings of the reader or listener
• -- “emotion, experience.”

• Logos: Persuasion through reasoning. A form of proof that makes rational appeals
• based on facts and logical argument. An appeal to evidence and the
• reasoning based directly on that evidence “word, thought, reason”

• Effective
• or persuasive speaking and writing.

• “The
• expression and persuasive communication of ideologically based mental models
• and social representations” (Van Dijk, 2000).

• Rhetoric
• involves the use of special arguments, special speech forms, or figures of
• style traditionally associated with political text and talk.

• Classical
• rhetoric was common in the courtroom and was developed as an 'art' to persuade
• people in a political assembly.

• In
• political discourse, rhetorical features have persuasive functions, and
• therefore political significance in a political context of communication.

• Ideological
• models and social representations and ideologies affect the choice of semantic
• and pragmatic figures of speech.

• 1.Repetition
• Sounds
• (alliterations and rhymes)
• Sentence
• forms (parallelism)
• Meaning
• (semantic repetition) for drawing attention to preferred meanings and to
• enhance construction of such meanings in mental models and their memorization
• in ongoing persuasion attempts or later recall.
• 2. Euphemism (dysphemism)
• 3. Hyperbole
• 4. Deletion-deleting information for partisan reasons
• 5. Indirectness and implicitness

• 6. Substitution: using and expressing a concept different from what one would expect. irony, metaphor.
• 7. Positive self-presentation and negative other presentation: make self look good, make opponent look bad
• 8. Making appeals to the emotions of the recipients by starkly emphasizing the situation of those they speak for. elderly, refugees
• 9. Generalize from single examples
• 10. Arguing from impressions and not evidence

• 11. Metaphor
• 12. Simile
• 13. Personification
• 14. Paradox

phonic, syntactic, semantic

semantic parallelism: using words from the same semantic field

contrastive pairs or antithesis: using a two part utterance in which the parts are in opposition

• vocabs strong in meaning
• quoting figures (number game)
• quoting figures for self-praise or other dispraise

rhetorical questions-should not be answered, answer is implied

• political pronouns:
• personal/impersonal-I, we, third person reference
• Agentive pronouns-"It has been found necessary to our borderin Mexico.
• Metonymic reference: the budget will help raise the standard of living of the american people.

• Closeness and distancing:
• personal involvement
• accepting responsibility and giving agency to actions

Politician being in touch with whole country: accepting blame, fame