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taxonomy
- in bio, the practice of classifying organisms
- biologist use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name & categorize organisms
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a taxon
- biologists group organisms into large categories as well as smaller & more specific categories. The general term for any one of these categories is a taxon.
- plural taxa
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polynomials
long descriptive latin phrases used in early european naming systems
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genus
a taxon used to group similar species
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binomial nomenclature
- Carl Linnaeus's two word system.
- the unique two-part name for a species is now called a scientific name
- all scientific names for a species are made up of two Latin or latin like terms.
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the scientific name
- all of the members of a genus share the genus name as a first term.
- the 2nd term if called the species identifier & its often more descriptive.
- Genus is capitalized the si is lowercased and both are italicized
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the 8 basic levels of modern classification
domain- recognizes the most basic differences among cel types. All living things are grouped in one of 3 , kingdom- there are 6, phylum-subgroup of a kingdom. there are many within each kingdom, class, order, family, genus-make up of species with uniquely shared traits, species.
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phylogeny
the ancestral relationships between species.
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convergent evolution
similarities may evolve in groups that are not closely related to one another., often because the groups become adapted to similar habitats or lifestyles.
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analogous character
similarities that arise through convergent evolution
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phylogenetic tree
represents a hypothesis of the relationships between several groups.
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cladistics
- a method of analysis that infers phylogenies by careful comparisons of shared characters.
- its used to select the most likely phylogeny among a given set of organisms.
- its preferred by scientists
- cladistics focuses on finding characters that are shared between different groups of organisms because of shared ancestry.
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comparing characters
- derived characters- one that evolved in one group but not another
- ancestral characters- evident in both groups
- cladistics infers relatedness by identifying shared derived & shared ancestral characters among groups while avoiding the use of analogous characters.
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cladogram
- organisms are grouped together through identification of their shared derived characters.
- all groups that arise from one point on a cladogram belong to a clade.
- a clade is a set of groups that are related by descent from a single ancestral lineage.
- Each clade is usually compared with an outgroup or group that lacks some of the shared characters.
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morphology
the physical structure or anatomy of organisms.
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principle of parsimony
it holds that the simplest explanation for something is the most reasonable, unless strong evidence suggests other wise.
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the six kingdoms
(previously monera) eubacteria & archaebacteria. Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
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the three domain system
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
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major characteristic
- define kingdoms
- cell type
- cell wall
- body type-unicellular or multicellular
- nutrition
- genetics
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domain bacteria
- its equivalent to kingdom eubacteria
- prokaryotes that have a strong exterior cell wall & a unique genetic system.
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domain archaea
- chemically unique cell wall & membranes & a unique genetic system .
- equivalent to kingdom archaebacteria
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domain eukarya
made up of kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae, & animalia
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