Sadness

• across species, especially among the young
• must have evolved

• Protects against danger and deprivation (Engle)
• Thought to be especially related to trauma at the core of subsequent depression (Engle)

sadness keeps you going from social situation you shouldnt be in because not up to par and you are also not welcome

• experience of sadness and experience of sickness overlap
• when you're sad you dont really want to do anything –> conservation of energy
• energy need to heal body so sadness conserves energy to that (C-W theory)

awkward social cues that you need help

• mental illness that must be treated
• clinical significance (distress) - loss of motivation
• severity, duration
• presence of impairment
• "understandable" = proportionate to loss
• ppl may tend to want to isolate

• doesnt necessarily need a precipitating event
• its healthy if its proportionate to the situation

• severity is subjective
• affects your routine
• affects motor skills
• duration
• loss of motivation

• appetite (significant wt loss or wt gain)
• sleeping patterns (insomnia, waking too early, sleeping too much)

• interest/please in activities formerly enjoyed (anhedonia)
• energy

• worthlessness
• hopelessness
• inappropriate guilt
• overwhelming sadness and grief
• self-blame, loss of self-esteem

• inability to concentrate
• difficulty "thinking things thru"
• indecisiveness
• disturbed thinking
• recurring thoughts of death and/or suicide
• mental sharpness decreases (?)

• everything on their fault, an alternative reason isnt even considered
• self-attributions are made over attaining something to others, can look like ADD

• depressions
• dysthymia
• bipolar I and II
• cyclothymia

• are "more" depressed –>report more or depressed more
• internalized more = more like typical depression
• affiliation – women tend to be closer to other women so they check up on each other –> persuaded more often to say theyre depressed and get help = all generalization
• Rumination
• 1st thing women do when theyre unhappy –> vent (some evidence its cathardic, talking about it = rumination)
• learned helplessness –> experience it more than men
• maybe women are less likely to let things go

• externalizing
• aggressive behavior
• violence
• extreme anger and reckless behavior
• moody
• irritable and anxious
• hard to determine why more women than men

• neurons, synapses, NT
• serotonin, dopamine
• genetic
• hormones, endocrinological

drugs: lots of serotonin dumped in synapses at once, next day depletion of it = depression

• levels of hormones correlate
• women: others believe more crying occurs with PMS –> not true
• men: low testosterone levels –> "PMS" symptoms
• boys/girls cry about the same

• Freud
• pathology caused by childhood drama and frustration
• criticism: deemphasizes and minimizes influence of biological factors, later development, and present environment/circumstances
• doesnt allow biochemical affects

• based on principles of learning: ppl "learn" to be depressed
• operant conditioning: explains psychopathology thru learning from consequences
• neg. reinforcement –> shaping maladaptive behavior
• avoiding something aversive can lead to build up of problems which can overwhelm and cause depression

• we learn to be depressed because bad things happen that cause us to be sad
• oversimplified theory

• • thoughts and behavior mediate emotion
• • emotion and behavior = determined by interpretations - specific thoughts and beliefs

• irrational and maladaptive assumptions and thoughts = faulty beliefs
• • lead to habitual and automatic actions = abnormal behavior
• • lead to unwanted emotion

• it is distorted/faulty thinking – everything is about you (when you are depressed)
• criticism – doesnt emphasize that when ppl are feeling badly, they may just think that way (cant change how you feel?)

faulty conclusion based on little evidence. For depressives, any minor set back is seen as representative as their entire self worth.

where people selectively attend to certain experiences. People tend to see things that confirm what they want to believe.

assuming that things in one situation apply across the spectrum.

attaching too much importance or significance to an event or experience.

interpreting that an event is linked to one’s behavior or when no connection actually exists.

dichotomous approach to world in terms of extremes, evil, good, perfection, incompetence. Perfectionists are like this.

Biological /genetic influences create a predisposition, and stressors (trauma) cause predisposition to –> disorder