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function of the cerebrum
- sensory and motor activity and thought and learning.
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function of brainstem
Breathing, hr, bp
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function of the cerebellum
voluntary mvt, balance, muscle tone
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Spinal cord function
nerve function between body and brain
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Perepheral nerves function
sensory and motor
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I olfactory
sense of smell
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IIIoculomotor
eye mvt, papillary control
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IV trochlear
turning eyes outward
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V trigeminal
sensations of face, scalp and teeth, chewing movement
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VII facial
sense of taste, contraction of muscles of facial expresion
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VIII acoustic
hearing , sense of balance
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IX glossopharyngeal
sensations of throat, taste, swallowing mvt
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X vagus
sensation of throat, larynx, and thoracic and abd organs, swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis
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XI spinal accessory
shoulder mvt and turning mvt of head
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XII hypoglossal
tongue mvt
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MRI
utilizes magnetic forces to image body structures
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LP
done to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid
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EEG
measures electrical activity of the brain
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List 5 s&s of ICP and nursing INTV for each
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Epilepsy
disorder of the CNS characterized by LossOC and convulsions
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3 primary goals of the nursing care for a client having a seizure
- 1. move to flat surface
- 2. pillow under head
- 3. suction ready
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3 NGS INVT used to care for pt having seizure and rationale for each
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The period of flaccid paralysis and complete loss of reflexes durring the initial period following injury to the spine is known
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why does autonomic dysreflexia occur
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difference btwn trigeminal neuralgia and Bell's palsy
- Bells=loss of movement and feeling of face
- Trig= pain of nerves in face
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3 changes considered late s/s of ICP
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List 3 INTV for pt c ICP ans rationale for each
- 1. elevate head of bed= to promote venous return
- 2. restrict fluid intake= if fluid is causing ICP dont want to add to it
- 3. no valsalva maneuver= causes pressure changes in body
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PERRLA
- Pupils
- Equal
- Round
- React
- Light
- Accomadation
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the hypothalamus controls
temp
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a positive____ sign is a reliable indicator of___ and a sign of____
- Kernigs
- meningeal damage
- meningitis
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when doing a neuro assessment what is contraindicated in an alert or awake pt? (hint: nothing to do with food)
the cold caloric response
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Glascow Coma Scale 3 parts/responses
Motor,verbal and eye opening
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decerebrate
head arched back, arms extended by side fists out
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decorticate
head arched back. arms on chest with fists out
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singulitis
hiccups and are a sign of ICP
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3 classic sighn of meningitis
headache, positive kernig and broadzinski
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hemianopia
defective vision or blindness in half of the visual field
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INTV of hemianopia
turn head the other way
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clonus
when checking muscles a rhythmic contraction happens
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neuro risk factors
trauma, hemmorhage, hypoxic conditions, hypertension, alcohol, insulin/glucose levels, urea
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LOC: person is A&Ox4=____
person, place, time, situation/purpose.
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resp. cheyne-stokes
rhythmic c periods of apnea
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resp. neurogenic
regular rhythm, fast and deep
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resp. apneustic
irregular
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resp. ataxic
irregular rhythm rate and depth
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paralysis=
what to assess
- loss of function.
- gait, stance, muscle tone, invol mvt,
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paresis
lesser degree, partial/incomplete paralysis
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parasthesia
numbness and tingling
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proprioception
know where all body parts are in relation to the body
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unilateral neglect
unaware/inattentive to one side of the body
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etology of epilepsy or seizures
genetics, trauma to brain, tumor in brain, metabolic disorders, toxicity, infection
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craniocerebral trauma is 2nd most cause of
neuro injury and death btwn age 1-35
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direct trauma
head is injured
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indirect trauma
brain is injured from inside
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acceleration
most common is mva(motor vehicle accident)
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major s/s of craniocerebral trauma
bleeding, swelling, ICP, infection, seizures
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Open fx=
Risks=
- cracked in skull
- bleeding out, infection
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closed fx
cracked but not all the way thru
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concussion=
s/s=
- jarring of brain within skull
- temp. loss of consciousness, change in personality, n/v
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depression fx
pushed in part of skull but still attached
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compound fx
punched thru skull to inside of skull
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most common hematoma is
epidural hematoma
-
epidural hematoma
btwn bone and first layer of meminges, forms rapidly
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subdural hamatoma
under dura, venous blood, and develops slower
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding under arachnoid
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intracerebral hemorrhage
in brain tissue
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data collection for craniocerebral trauma
baseline neuro asmt. have to protect spine, airway open, watch for bleeding
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craniocerebral trauma watch for
developing ICP, widening pulse pressure, low pulse, low resp, increased temp
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if s/s incerase(craniocerebral trauma) watch for
headache, n/v, visual disturbances, pupil changes, blood from ears and nose, seizure activity, glucose in clear fluids from body
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Battles sign is=
indicator of=
- small red bruise behind ear
- lower skull injury
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halo sign
csf and blood dont mix well
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tx of craniocerebral trauma
monitor resp status and maintain airway, neuro check and vital signs, neck in neutral position, hob 30-45 deg, keep cool if have temp, seizure precautions, monitor for pain
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spinal shock a.k.a. Areflexia=
have to watch for=
- first hour of injury can last days-months
- hypotension and bradycardia
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INTV for areflexia
tilt table, vasopressor, ted hose or scd's
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