Unit 1 Test Review

Constitutional amendment which defined citizenship and required states to give all persons equal protection of the laws.

Laws passed by Southern states following the Civil War which extended limited rights to blacks and attempted to control the actions of freedmen.

Constitutional amendment which made slavery unconstitutional in the United States.

Agreement between Southern Democrats and Northern Republicans which brought an end to Reconstruction by allowing the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President in return for the withdrawal of the remaining troops from the South, appointment of a former Confederate general to the Hayes cabinet, federal aid to bolster economic and railroad development in the South, and a free hand for Southerners in regard to race relations.

Constitutional amendment which forbade states to deny the vote to anyone because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Northerners who moved South after the Civil War for idealistic and materialistic purposes.

The notion that the farmer and farm life symbolized the essence of America, that farmers were independent, self-sufficient, and non-materialistic, and that farm life was pleasant, peaceful, and satisfying.

A perpetual indebtedness tying the debtor to the land which resulted from tenant farmers buying supplies on credit based on future crops.

The vision of a south which was modern, progressive, and self- sufficient by those who urged the South to abandon its dependence on cotton and industrialize and economically diversify.

Legislation intended to destroy tribal bonds by allotting tribal reservations to individual members of tribes as private property.

Act passed in 1862 which granted 160 acres of government land to any adult who lived on a claim for five years or who paid $1.25 an acre after six months of residence.

Supreme Court decision which paved the way for legal segregation by declaring that "separate but equal" facilities did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

A tax which had to be paid each year to retain the right to vote which was used to disenfranchise poor blacks in the South.

Laws which segregated blacks from whites first in public facilities and ultimately in all aspects of life which were passed in the South beginning in the 1890s.

Speech delivered by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Exposition of 1895 in which he renounced black interest in vote, civil rights, and social equality with whites while proclaiming black loyalty to the economic development of the South.

Supreme Court decision in 1877 which upheld state laws regulating railroads and grain elevators within their boundaries.

A test which required citizens to read and interpret a part of the state constitution in order to register to vote which was used in the South to disenfranchise blacks.

Regulatory commission established by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which had the power to investigate and prosecute railroad corporations that charged unfair rates or engaged in illegal practices.

Cheaper fares secretly given to large shippers in order to attract their business.

Informal agreements between competitors to set uniform rates and divide markets, thereby cutting competition.

Agricultural reform organization of the 1880s which called for measures to improve the quality of rural life, regulation of monopolies in the interests of farmers, and inflation of the currency.

Combinations of businesses in the same field in an effort to monopolize one stage of production in an industry.

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who were primarily Jewish and Catholic in religion who came to the United States in large numbers after 1880.

Adding operations before or after the production process to gain control of all phases of an industry.

Labor organization founded in 1869 which organized all workers on a geographic basis, proposed a cooperative system of production be established alongside the existing competitive system, and worked for a widevariety of other labor, political, and social reforms.

Federation of craft unions founded in 1886 which organized skilled workers only and emphasized immediate, realizable "bread and butter" issues.

Author of 119 novels which were based on the rags-to-riches myth.

Practice of politicians rewarding supporters with political office.

Tax on imported goods designed to protect American businessmen, wage earners, and farmers from the competition and products of foreign labor.

Labor issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, industrial safety, benefits, and the right to organize and bargain collectively.

Andrew Carnegie's argument that the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few was beneficial but that the wealthy had an obligation to use their fortunes for the benefit of society.

Herbert Spencer's adaptation of Charles Darwin's biological concepts of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society.

Movement to tie salvation to the improvement of society and to make Christianity relevant to industrial and urban problems.

Reform political party which advocated legislation to benefit farmers and campaigned for the unlimited coinage of silver in the 1896 election.

Measure passed in 1890 which made combinations in restraint of trade illegal.

Supreme Court decision in 1895 which ruled that the American Sugar Refining Company was not in violation of the Sherman Act because the Sherman Act applied only to commerce,not manufacturing.

A U.S. policy statement issued by President Monroe in 1823 which declared that Latin America was no longer open to European colonization.

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy calling for active, aggressive U.S. action to keep international order and peace.

Naval strategist and author who argued that national power depended on naval supremacy, colonies, and foreign markets.

U.S. battleship which exploded in Havana harbor in 1898 outraging the American public and contributing to the onset of the Spanish-American War.

The concept, first popular in the 1840s, that the United States had the God-given right and duty to expand across the North American continent.

Letter from the Spanish minister to the United States which criticized McKinley. The publication of this letter outraged American public opinion.

Theodore Roosevelt's reinterpretation of the Monroe Doctrine to justify U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Newspapers which printed sensational stories in order to increase their circulations and manipulate public opinion.

Rudyard Kipling's phrase representing the idea that western civilizations have a duty and destiny to civilize inferior peoples.

U.S. China policy calling for equal trading rights for all nations and the territorial and administrative integrity of China.