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Which scientist was responsible for determining the origin of ANTHRAX?
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Which scientist was responsible for making the first hand-held microscope?
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Which scientist was responsible for proposing the germ theory of disease?
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Which scientists refuted the idea of spontaneous generation?
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Which scientist proved the germ theory of disease?
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What are the steps in the scientific method? Give example.
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1. Observation—Observe something interesting
- 2. Ask questions
- 3. Hypothesis—Potential answer to questions
- 4. Experiment—Test hypothesis
- 5. Results
- 6. Accept, Reject, Modify Hypothesis
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1. Take microorganism causing illness
- 2. Purify culture
- 3. Inject into healthy animal
- 4. Identical microbes are isolated and recultured of dead experimental animal
- 5. Repeated to find microbe causing illness
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Did King Peter Cut Out Franks Cuts Swiftly
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What is the difference between atoms, molecules, and macromolecules?
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Atoms—contain neutrons, protons, electrons
- Molecules—connected atoms; H2O; Building blocks of life—C, H, O, N
- Macromolecules—carbohydrates (CHON), proteins (CHONS), Lipids (CHO), Nucleic Acids (CHONP)
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Monosaccharides (1 sugar w/ 3-7 carbons)
- Disaccharides ( 2 sugars)Polysaccharides (multiple sugars)
- Chained together by removing water moleculeàDehydration synthesis
- EukaryotesàCellulose & Chitin
- ProkaryotesàPeptidoglycanàNAG & NAM chain together to make polysaccharide
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Essential in ability to liveTriglyceride
- Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids
- Phospholipid
- Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acids, & Phosphate Group
- Head-hydrophilic}
- Tail-hydrophobic} makes membrane around cell
- Steroids-more common in Eukaryotic organisms
- Fatty Acids
- Saturatedàhave Carbons to Hydrogens
- Unsaturatedàhave carbon to carbons
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Produced by combining 2 or more amino acids
- Polymenàmultiple proteins
- Dehydrationàmakes chain shorter
- Hydrolysisàmakes chain longer
- Amino Acids
- Carbon
- Amino Group
- Carboxyl Group
- R-Group
- Denature Protein->”unfold” protein into primary structure
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C,H,O,N
- Pentose sugar (5 carbons)
- Phosphate BackboneDNA & RNAàNucleotides
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Why are lipids so important?
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Energy for cells; essential for life
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How many levels are there in protein structure?
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Primary-->Line
- Secondary->Alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
- Tertiary-->Multiple secondary shapes
- Quatranary-->Final Shape
- Proteins made up of million amino acids
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What are the differences in RNA and DNA?
- DNA-->A-T & G-C Purine-->A-Adenine & T-Thymine
- RNA-->A-U & G-C Pyrimidine-->Cystosine, G-Guanine, & U-Uracil
- RNA-->single stranded, Ribose Sugar, Interprets the information
- DNA-->Double stranded, Deoxyribose Sugar, Holds the information
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What are examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Prokaryotic—Bacteria, Archae
Eukaryotic—Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Small Animals (Humans)
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Give example of size differences between human cell, bacterial cell, and viral cell.
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Human cell-house
- Bacterial cell-room in house
- Viral Cell-chair in room
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Gram-positive vs. gram-negative
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Peptidoclygan takes in stain
- Takes stain-->Positive-->Purple
- Doesn’t take stain-->Negative-->Pink/Red
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Pilus-Arms off body
- Flagellum-Tail (monotrichous 1, amphitrichous 2, lophotrichious 4, peritrichous many)
- Capsule
- Cell Wall
- Cytoplasmic Membrane
- Nucleoid
- Cytoplasm-uses ATP for active process
- No ATP for passive process-moves my concentration gradient
- 1 Chromosome
- Ribosome-70S made up of small and larger piece
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Bacteria (Prokaryotic) Part
- Furthest external structur-->Glycocalyx
- Around capsule
- Sticky
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Pairs-->diplococci, diplobacilli
- Clusters-->staphylococci
- Chains-->streptococci, streptobacilli
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Coccus-->circular
- Rod
- Coccobacillus-->rod & circular shaped (Round Square)
- Vibrio-->boomerang
- Sprillium-->snake like
- Spriochete-->corkscrew
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Glycocalyxes
- Cell Wall
- Flagellum
- Cilia
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles
- Nucleus-Brain
- Paired chromo
- ER-Transport network
- Smooth-no ribosomes
- Rough-Ribosomes
- Golgi-Protein gets reformed
- Lysosome-digestive enzymes
- Vacuole-store food & H2O
- Mitochondrion-Respiration & Energy
- Used to be own prokaryotic organism
- Cholorplast-Plant cell photosynthesis
- Ribosomes
- Larger & smaller subunits
- 80S
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Movement across plasma membrane
Prokaryotic-->Flegella, cilia help move; Endoflagella tightens inside of organism allows for rotation & movement
Eukaryotic-->Mirotubules in flagellum; not fast moving; whipping motion; very strong
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What is the Endosymbiotic theory?
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Mitrochondria & Chloroplast organelles were once prokaryotic organisms
- 70S ribosomes
- Protected in Eukaryotic organism and gets tons of energy
- Plants took chrloroplast & mitochondria
- Animals took mitochondria only
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