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Social Psychology
A science that studies how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Hindsight Bias
(I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
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Arson's Law
"People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy."
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The Scientific Method
A techinque for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, and/or correcting previous knowledge.
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Confound:
A lurking variable that is "hidden" variable in a statistical or research model that affects the variables in question, but it is not known or acknowledged, and thus (potentially) distorts the data.
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Social Desirability Bias:
The inclination to present oneself in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.
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Response Set:
Tendency to answer questions on a survey in a way that's unrelated to question content.
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Spotlight Effect:
The belier that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior then they actually are.
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Cocktail Party Effect:
The ability to pick a personally relevant stimulus out of a complex environment.
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Self Concept:
An individual's overall beliefs about his/her own attitudes.
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Self-Perception Theory:
When internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior.
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Social Comparison Theory:
People evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.
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Self-Esteem
A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.
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Self-Serving Bias:
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
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Self-Inflation
Seeing the self favorably on subjective, socially desirable traits and better than others in terms of the traits.
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Self-Handicapping:
A strategy in which people create obstacles to success so that potential failure can be blamed on these external circumstances.
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Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG):
To increase self-esteem by assocating with others who are successful.
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Downward Social Comparison:
The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.
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Self-Promotion:
A strategy that focuses on making other people think that oneself is competent or good in some way.
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Self-Schemas:
All the information, images and memories we associate with ourselves.
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False Consensus Effect:
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people share our opinions, attitudes, and behaviors.
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Social Perception:
How people form impressions of and make inferences about other people and events in the social world.
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Intuition:
A decision making shortcut in which we rely on instinct rather than objective information.
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Trait Negativity Bias:
The tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily than positive information.
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Overconfidence Phenomenon:
In social judgments, people are more confident than they are correct.
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Attribution Theory:
How we explain the behavior of others, especially unexpected, ambiguous, and negative behavior.
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Correspondent Inference Theory:
Proposes that people infer whether a person's behavior is caused by internal dispositions of the person by looking at various factors related to that act.
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Fundamental Attribution Error:
The tendency of observers to understimate the impact of external (situational) factors and to overestimate the role of internal (dispositional) factors in causing another person's behavior.
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Actor-Observer Bias:
The tendency for actors to attribute their own actions to situational factors, whereas observers tend to attribute the same actions to stable personality dispositions of actors.
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Base-Rate Fallacy:
An error in which people ignore the numerical frequency of events in estimating their likelihood.
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Availability Heuristic:
A mental shortcut in which we make a judgement based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind.
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Attitude Heuristic:
A shortcut way of making decisions by assigning objects to either a favorable or unfavorable attitude.
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