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activity theory
remainging occupied and involved is necessary to a satisfying late-life
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disengagement theory
gradual withdrawal from society and relationships serves to maintain social equilibrium and promote internal reflection
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subculture theory
the elderly prefer to segregate from society in an aging subculture sharing loss of status and societal negativity regarding the aged.
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continuity theory
personality influences roles and life satisfaction and remains consistent throughtout life. Past coping patterns recur as older adults adjust to declines
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age stratification theory
society is stratified by age groups that are the basis for acquiring resources, roles, status, and deference from others.
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person-environment-fit theory
function is affected by ego strength, mobility, health, cognition, sensory perception, and the environment. competency changes one's ability to adapt to environmenal demands
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gerontranscendence theory
the elderly transform form a materialistic/rational perspective toward oneness with the universe. Successful transformation includes an outward focus, accpeting impending death, substantive relationships, intergenerational connectedness and unity with the universe
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human needs theory
five basic needs motivate human behavior in a lifelong process toward need fulfillment
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individualism theory
personality consists of an ego and personal and collective unconsciousness that views life from a personal or external perspective. Older adults search for life meaning and adapt to functional and social losses.
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life-course/life span development theory
life stages are predictable and structured by roles, relationships, values, and goals. Persons adapt to changing roles and relationships.
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selective optimization with compensation theory
individuals cope w/ aging losses through activity/role selection, optimization, and compensation. critical life points are morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.
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exogenous sources of free radicals
tobacco smoke, pesticides, organic solvents, radiation, ozone, selected meds
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free radical theory
membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins are damaged by free radicals which causes cellular injury and aging
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orgel/error theory
errors in DNA and RNA synthesis occur with aging
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wear and tear theory
cells wear out and cannot function with aging
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connective tissue/cross-link theory
with aging, proteins impede metabolic processes and cause trouble with gettin nutrients to cells and removing cellular waste products
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stochastic theories
based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulate as the organism ages
theories; free radical,orgel/error, wear and tear, connective, cross-link
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nonstochastic theories
based on genetically programmed events that cause cellular damage that accelerates aging of the organisms
theories; programmed, gene/biological clock, neuroendocrine, immunological
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programmed theory
cells divide until they are no longer able to and this triggers apoptosis or cell death
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gene/biological clock theory
cells have a genetically programmed aging code
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neuroendocrine theory
problems with the hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine gland feedback system cause disease; increased insulin growth factor accelerates aging
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immunological theory
aging is due to faulty immunological function, which is linked to general well-being
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functional consequences theory
environmental and biopsychosocial consequences impact functioning. Nursing's role is risk reduction to minimize age-age associated disability in order to enhance safety and quality of living
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theory of thriving
failure to thrive results from a discord between the individual and his/her environment or relationships. Nurses ID and modify factos that contribute to disharmony among these elements
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1. Infancy; trust vs. mistrust; faith and hope
- 2. Toddler stage; autonomy vs. shame/doubt; self-control and willpower
- 3. Preschool stage; initiative vs. guilt; direction and purpose
- 4. School age; industry vs. inferiority; method and competence
- 5. Adolescence; ID vs. role confusion; devotion and fidelity
- 6. Young adulthood; intimacy vs. isolation; affiliation and love
- 7. Middle adulthood; generativity vs. stagnation; production and care
- 8. Older adulthood; ego integrity vs. despair; renunciation and wisdom
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1. Sensorimotor; B-2yrs; baby understands the world in terms of what they can do w/ an object
- 2. Preoperational; 2-7yrs; the child is starts to use images, words and actions that stand for something else. Fastasy, or pretend play also starts to appear in this stage as well.
- 3. Concrete operations; 7-11yrs; logic, inductive and deductive reasoning, language perfected
- 4. Formal operations; 11-15yrs; true logical thought, manipulation of abstract concepts emerge, morality
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Zone of proximal development-distance between the actual and potential dev. Level. Children are pulled towards new learning through their interaction w/ others and the environment. The guidance giving by others is referred to as “scaffolding”
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1. Preconventional; avoiding punishment, gaining reward
- 2. Conventional; gaining approval, avoiding disapproval
- 3. Postconventional; agree upon rights, personal moral standards, justice
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1. Preconventional; what is practical to others and best for self, realizing connections to others; individual survival
- 2. Conventional; sacrifices wants and needs to fulfill others’ wants and needs;self-sacrifice is goodness
- 3. Postconventional; moral equal of self and others; principle of nonviolence, do not hurt self or others
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