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3 Regions of a Blood Smear?
Feathered Edge, Counting Area, Thick Area
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What angle should you hold the slide for a blood smear?
30-40%
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What is counted in a blood smear differential?
Segmented Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, and sometimes bands
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What should be noted about the RBC’s?
Cell size, hemoglobin content, morphology, and distribution
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What should be noted about platelets?
Morphology and estimate number
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In how many field should you look at RBC’s and Platelets?
10
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Canine Erythrocyte Characteristics-
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Feline Erythrocyte Characteristics-
- Smaller RBC than Dog
- Less Central PallorMore chance for Rouleaux and anisocytosis
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Bovine Erythrocyte Characteristics-
- RBC’s similar to cats in size, uniformity, and pallor
- Rouleaux is not typical
- Lymphocytes out number Neutrophils
- Platelets are smaller and very granular
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Equine Erythrocyte Characteristics-
- RBC’s similar to cats in size and uniformity
- Platelets have faint color and uniformed size
- Cool basophils and eosinophils
- Lots of Rouleaux
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Avian Erythrocyte Characteristics-
- RBC’s similar to cats in size and pallor
- Oval nucleated RBC’s
- Rouleaux is not typical
- Platelets are small and granular
- Heterophils= Neutrophils
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Camelids Erythrocyte Characteristics-
boring, oval, and uniformed
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Poikilocytes-
Variation in SHAPE to RBC’s
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Poikilocytes is a general term for -
Acanthocytes, Schistocytes, Spherocytes, Target Cells, and others
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Leptocytes-
RBC’s with increased membrane or decreased volume (Target Cells and Folded Cells)
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Anisocytosis-
Variation in SIZE of RBC’s
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Microcytosis-
smaller than normal RBC; may indicate Chronic blood loss
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Macrocytosis-
Larger than normal RBC; may be young cell, may indicate response to certain anemias
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As cells mature, what happens to the size of them?
They get smaller
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Polychromatophils-
AKA= Reticulocytes=immature RBC’s, larger than mature RBC’s, blue staining granular material (RNA) in cytoplasm, Response to regenerative anemia
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Polychromatophils/ Immature RBC’s main to response to what?
Regenerative Anemia
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Echinocytes-
AKA= Burr Cells, Response to renal failure, snake bits, lymphosarcoma, heavy activity in equine. Called crenation if artifact
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What is an echinocyte called if it is an artifact?
Crenation
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Acanthrocytes-
AKA= Spur Cells, altered lipid metabolism, liver disease(ex. Hepatic lipidosis in cats), most commonly seen in Hemangiosarcoma
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Sperocytes-
lack of Central Pallor, smaller than normal, reduced membrane, macrophage destruction, more likely seen in dogs, Immune mediated disease, hemolytic anemia, transfution w/ rejection
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Target Cells-
AKA= Codocytes, specific Leptocytes, May also indicate liver disease, chronic anemia, non-regenerative anemia…
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Heinz Bodies-
normal up to 5% in cats, hyperthyroidism, Lymphosarcoma, stains blue w/ new methylene staining, Excess #’s due to toxicity like Tylenol, garlic, or onion
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Howell Jolly Bodies-
nuclear remnant in RBC, normally cleared by spleen, splenectomized patients show increase, anemia
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Ghost Cells-
dead cell which outline remains visible but nucleus and cytoplasmic structure are not stainable
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Schistocytes-
irregular shape appears as a helmet, indicative of a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) or other causes of hemolysis, Disseminated intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)
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Rouleaux-
organized stacking or chains of RBC’s, normal in equine, suggests inflammatory disease in other species
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Agglutination-
irregular/ misshapen clumps of RBC’s, indicative of mismatched transfusion or autoimmune
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Hyper-Segmented Neutrophils-
Normal is 2-4 segs, aged neutrophils, often seen in Chronic infections or anemia
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Bands-
Immature neutrophils, response to inflammation, ‘Left shift’
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What is a ‘Left Shift’?
Increase in Bands
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Dohle Bodies-
collection of rough endoplasmic reticulum, more prevalent in cats and horses from simple inflammation, indicates burns, bad infections, and chemotherapy/ often presents with basophilia, Left Shift, foaminess of cytoplasm
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