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What do all cells contain?
Water, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, salts
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What do prokaryotic cells contain?
- No membrane-bound nucleus
- No membrane-bound organelles
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What do eukaryotic cells contain?
- Nucleus surrounded by double membrane
- Specialized membrane bound organelles with specific functions
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Plant Cells (same as animal cells except for)
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
- Large Central Vacuole
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Characteristics of cell membrane
- Phosolipid bi-layer stabalized by cholesterol
- Semipermeable
- Membrane Proteins
- Carbohydrate Chains
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What is active transport and what does it require?
- Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration.
- Requires energy.
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What is endocytosis
The process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane.
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What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles
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What is pinocytosis
Process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid.
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What is exocytosis
The release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.
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What are channel proteins?
Protein forming an aqueous pore spanning the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane which when open allows certain solutes to traverse the membrane.
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What is passive transport and what does it work with?
- Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell.
- Works with concentration gradient.
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What is a concentration gradient
The difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.
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What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
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What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.
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What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.
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What is an isotonic solution?
A solution that has an equal concetration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.
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What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane
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What is diffusion
The movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
The diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins.
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Chloroplast structure and function
- Bean shaped with dots in it. Slightly larger than mitochondrion.
- Carry out photosynthesis.
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Structure and function of cytoplasm
- Everything in cell-organelles+juices
- Gives shape to cell.
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Cytoskelet structure and function
- Network of proteins, microtubules and microfilaments
- Gives support to cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum structure and function
- Connected to nucleus, contains no ribosomes.
- Involved in production of lipids.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure and function
- Connected to nucleus, contains ribosomes.
- Involved in production of proteins.
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Golgi Apparatus Structure and Function
- Layered stacks of membrane, not connected to nucleus.
- Processes, sorts, and delivers proteins.
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Lysosomes structure and function
- Black bean shaped.
- Digests things in cell and stores enzymes.
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Mitochondrion structure and function
- Bean shaped but smaller than chloroplasts-have 2 membranes.
- Supply energy to cell.
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Structure and function of nucleus
- Ball in center of cell. Contains nucleolus.
- Storehouse for DNA, controls cell's functions.
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Structure and function of nucleolus
- Ball in the middle of nucleus
- Assembles ribosomes
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Structure and function of ribosomes
- Small dots throughout cell
- Site of protein synthesis
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What is epithelial tissue
Protective sheets of tighly packed cells connected by special junctions.
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What is adipose tissue?
A kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy.
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What are the 3 components of the cell theory?
- All organisms are composed of cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure in living things
- All cells come from per-existing cells.
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Who was the first person to name and describe cells?
Robert Hooke
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What is the primary functional unit of the cell membrane
A phosolipid
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What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Regulates everything moving in/out of cell
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What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion used transport proteins requiring no energy and active transport uses transport proteins requiring chemical energy.
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Explain the difference between a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution
Think...
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Differences between eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell
- Prokaryotes have no nucleus
- Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles
- Eukaryotic cells are sometimes multicellular
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What organelle is reponsible for storage of starch in a potato?
Amyloplasts
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What organelle is reponsible for the hydrolosis of a dissacharide
Chloroplast
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What organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
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What organelle is responsible for synthesis of a protein
Ribosomes
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What organelle is responsible for digesting a bacteria that a cell ingested
Lysosomes
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Structural differences between plant and animal cell
Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts, rectangular shaped, and large central vacuole.
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