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calorie
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celcius
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Calorie
kilocalore (1000)
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carbohydrates and proteins
4 calories
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cellular respiration
needs O2, releases energy from food
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location of glycolysis
cytoplasm
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location of Krebs cycle and ETC
mitochondria
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after glycolysis what % of cheical energy is unused?
90%
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ETC requires?
previous reactants
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aerobic
requires O2, krebs and ETC
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anerobic
doesnt require O2 (glycolysis)
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photosynthesis
opposite of cellular respiration
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glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose turns into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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in G .. __ atp is used to start and ___ is produced
2 , 4
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in G.. NAD+
accepts a pair of high EE and turns to NADH
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in G.. NADH
holds electrons until they are transferred
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advantages of glycolysis
speed & doesnt require O2
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Krebs Cycle
pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2
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in K.. the pyruvic acid
enters the matrix
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citric acid
produced by acetl Co-A adding 2 acetyl groups to a 4 carbon molecule
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in K,, the citric acid
is broken down, CO2 is released, and electrons are transferred into electron carriers
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when electron carriers accept a pair of high energy electrons ..
NAD+ --> NADH & FAD --> FADH2
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at the end of the krebs cycle , CO2, ATP, and NADH..
- CO2-exhaled
- ATP-powers cellular activities
- NADH-produces AtP
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electron transport chain
converts adp -->atp
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ETC in euk
inner membrane
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ETC in prok
in cell membrane
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final acceptor for ETC
oxygen (rids of wastes)
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when 2 HEE pass the ETC
their energy causes H+ ions to cross tthe membrane
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chemiosmosis
produces ATP
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ATP synthase
enzymes in the nner mitochondria
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the ___ forces H+ ions through the channels causing ATP synthase to spin
charge difference
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when the ATP synthase spins
the enzyme grabs an ADP and attaches a phosphate group, creating ATP
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the total molecules in cellular respiration
36 ATP/pr glucose
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the remaining 64% of energy is..
released as heat
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Fermentation
without oxygen, releases energy by producing ATP
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in F.. cells convert
NADH --> NAD +
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Fermentation takes place in
the cytoplasm
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alcoholic fermentation
- yeast, alcohol, bread,
- produces ehtyl alcohol and CO2
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lactic fermentation
doesnt give of CO2
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