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Closest relatives of land plants
Charophyceans
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Cell walls contain cellulose.
Plants, Green Algae, Dinoflagellates, and brown algae.
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A large difference between green algae and plants
The embryos of plants are retained within parent tissue.
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Five key traits that land plants share only with the Charophyceans
- 1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
- 2. Peroxisone enzymes
- 3. Structure of flagellated sperm
- 4. Formation of a phragmoplast
- 5. Alternation of generations evolved independently of green algae.
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Layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out.
Sporopollenin
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Five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants, but are absent in the charophyceans
- 1. Apical Meristems
- 2. Alternation of generations
- 3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
- 4. Multicellular gametangia
- 5. Multicellular, dependent embryos
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The epidermis of the permanently exposed-to-air organs of land plants to prevent drying out.
Cuticle
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A selection of secondary compounds produced by many land plants.
- Alkaloids
- Terpenes
- Tannins
- Phenolics (such as flavonoids)
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Everything but mosses are ____
A) Sporophyte Dominant
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Dominant sporophytes help this.
Seedless plants adapt to land.
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Vascular tissue
Xylem and Phloem
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Xylem moves it in this direction
Water and minerals, up
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Phloem moves it in this direction
Nutrients, down
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These do not contain vascular tissue.
Bryophytes
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Two clades of the vascular plants
Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives) and Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)
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An embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat
A seed
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"Naked seed" plants, as their seeds are not enclosed in chambers.
Gymnosperms
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Develop seeds inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits.
Angiosperms
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Lycophytes and Pterophytes
Seedless vascular plants
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Green, branched, once-cell thick filaments
Protonema
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Apical meristem that generates gamete-producing structures.
Gametophore
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Gametophytes are anchored by these delicate, long tubular single cells.
Rhizoids
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