The Middle East and North Africa.txt

One of Iran's most famous poets

Holy book of Islam

Sung melodies with many notes to a syllable

Tones that lie in between notes on a Western piano

The scattering of Jews from their ancestral homeland in Palestine to many areas throughout the world

• Religion founded by the prophet Muhammad.
• Includes Five Pillars:
• Confession of faith
• Prayer five times daily
• Almsgiving
• Fasting during Ramadan
• Making a pilgrimage to Mecca

Egyptian women who dance only for entertainment

Chanting of Qur'an verses

Call to prayer

The singers of the Adhan (call to prayer)

Mystical form of Islam more accepting of music in religious context

• "Remembrance" ceremony in Sufi religion.
• Cyclic rhythmic figures accompany a repetitive chanting of scripture

Dancers who whirl around to achieve spiritual union in the Sufi tradition

• Plucked chorophone with pear shaped resonator
• no frets
• 5-6 courses

• Long-necked plucked chorophone
• 3-4 courses
• drone strings
• teardrop resonator

Name for the European violin

Classical plucked lute of Iran with hourglass resonator

Bowed spike lute with hemispherical resonator

Snort-necked fiddle with a fingerboard and pear-shaped body

Trapezoidal hammered zither played with wooden mallets

Plucked zither

• End blown notch flute
• played from the side of the mouth
• found in classical ensembles

Double-reed aerophone with a bell flare

• Single reed aerophone
• two cylindrical pipes tied together and played at the same time.
• One pipe is the melody and the other is a drone

• Shallow frame drum played with hands and fingers
• associated with religious contexts

A daff with cymbals

Goblet shaped drum played with the fingers

High cry rapidly trilled with the tongue

Achieving uninterrupted air stream by simultaneously playing and breathing in through the nose

The transcendent emotional experience that comes from the combination of highly expressive music and poetry

Alternating leader/group singing

Two alternating groups singing

Modal construct in Arabic music

Segments of four chords related by the mathematics of vibrating string ratios

Intervals that are half the size of the smallest European interval

• Smaller segments that form scales
• usually from trichords, tetrachords, and pentachords

Nonpulsatile improvisations that represent the maqam

• Nonpulsatile vocal improvisations
• use melismas on the syllables "ya layl, ya 'ayn"
• instrumentalists follow the singer's improvisations

The "path" of the maqam that is a sequence of emphasized pitches in taqsim

• Temporary shifts to a related maqam
• use a common tetrachord to smooth the transition

A characteristic rhythmic pattern

A series of songs and instrumental pieces unified by their reference to a single maqam

Egyptian name for a suite

• An ensemble for playing a suite that has around five musicians that play in heterophonic texture
• Qanun (zither)
• 'ud (lute)
• Nay (flute)
• Riqq (tambourine)
• Violin
• Singer and chorus

An instrumental genre adapted from Turkish Sufi music

Metered instrumental form - brief heterophonic introduction to the next song

• "you, with the slender waist" - strophic form
• developed in the courts of Muslim Spain
• concerns the ideal of a woman's beauty and love

Classical suite of songs played by a takht in Egypt in the maqam of Huzam

• A large ensemble of twenty or more musicians in Egypt
• combined Arabic and European instruments

• Egyptian singer that sang in firqa and was popular.
• Adapted the qasida form for performances.

• Music associated with underclass youth
• Had rhythmic patterns of folk dances
• Monophonic and heterophonic melodies
• Nonpulsatile vocal improvisations
• Adopted short phrases, clear refrains, and syllabic text-setting of popular music elsewhere

• Algerian style similar to Egyptian Sha'bi
• Began with female singers singing on controversial subjects
• Overtaken by European instruments and male singers

• Mainstream pop music that smoothes out the rough edges of other genres
• Features synthesizers and other European and Indian influence

Popular music genre that has explicitly Islamic lyrics

• Iranian poet
• "and the music within us is from thee"

• Scale that classical improvisation in Iran is based on
• Has a heptatonic scale called Maye that includes quarter tones

Heptatonic scale of dastgah that includes 3/4 and 1 1/4 tones

Short, related melodies that define a dastgah

The entire body of gusheh that describe each dastgah

• A quasi-pulsatile gusheh
• strongly rhythmic
• featured in a dastgah performance

Musicians that perform light classical, dance, and traditional entertainmusic in Iran

A popular dastgah that is marked by a characteristic optimistic mood

The final note, or tonic, of the mahur dastgah

A hereditary caste of professional musicians in early Jewish history

A ram's horn trumpet used in Jewish ceremonies

A standard method of chanting Biblical texts

Signs that indicate the melodic formulas for cantillation

A single singer that performs cantillation in public services

Jews that settled in Spain and Portugal and were dispersed throughout the Mediterranean

Jews that settled in central and eastern Europe

Nonpulsatile songs based on scales and collections of melodic motives

• Modes of the Ashkenazi cantoral traditions
• Include characteristic motives and tonal relationships

The songs of the Hasidic Jewish movement that have abstract syllables

• Jewish folk musicians that play dance music for weddings and other events in Jewish communities
• Features syncopation and nondiatonic scales
• A pair of violins, a bass, a dulcimer (cimbalom) and clarinet

• Popular genre of the Sephardic Jews that originated in Renaissance Spain
• Sunk in Sephardic language (ladino)
• Ballad-type folk songs
• Originally sunk by women without accompaniment
• Now sung with guitar accompaniment

Sephardic language used in romancero music

A nonpulsatile Klezmer song featuring a solo clarinet player that improvises