Vocab and Key Info

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene/genes from another strain of bacteria.

virus that infects bacteria, "bacteria eater".

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

principle that bonds in DNA and can form only between adenine + thymine and between guanine + cytosine.

that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next.

that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.

DNA, a double helix, in which 2 strands were wound around each other.

granular material visable within the nucleus, consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin.

copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA.

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.

• 1.the DNA molecule seperates into 2 strands.
• 2.Then, produces 2 new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing.
• 3.Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template,or model, for the new strand.

coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.

DNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complimentary sequence in RNA.

enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands during transcription.

region of DNA indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA.

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein.

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein.

3 nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid.

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

group of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.

messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

• 1.RNA polymerase binds to DNA and seperate the DNA strands.
• 2.DNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.

the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

• change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic info.
• changes in the genetic material.
• mistakes cells make in copying their own DNA, inserting an incorrect base/even skipping a base as the new strand is put together.

gene mutation involving changes in one/a few nucleotides.

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting/deleting a nucleotide.

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

mutations that produce changes in a single gene.

• mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes.
• changes the number/structure of chromosomes.

• occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
• Substitutions- one base is changed to another.

• may change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation. Can alter a protein so much that is is unable to preform its normal functions.
• Insertions/Deletions- a base is inserted/removed from the DNA sequence.

• 1.Deletion-loss of all/part of a chromosome.
• 2.Duplication-produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
• 3.Inversions-reverse direction of parts of chromosomes.
• 4.Translocations-part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.