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Transformation
process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene/genes from another strain of bacteria.
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Bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria, "bacteria eater".
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Nucleotides
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Base Pairing
principle that bonds in DNA and can form only between adenine + thymine and between guanine + cytosine.
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Avery and other scientists discovered...
that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next.
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Hershey and Chase concluded...
that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
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Watson and Crick's model was of
DNA, a double helix, in which 2 strands were wound around each other.
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Chromatin
granular material visable within the nucleus, consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
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Histone
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin.
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Replication
copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA.
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DNA Polymerase
enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.
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What happens during DNA replication?
- 1.the DNA molecule seperates into 2 strands.
- 2.Then, produces 2 new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing.
- 3.Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template,or model, for the new strand.
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Genes
coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
DNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.
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Transcription
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complimentary sequence in RNA.
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RNA Polymerase
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands during transcription.
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Promoter
region of DNA indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA.
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Intron
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein.
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Exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein.
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Codon
3 nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid.
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Translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.
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Anticodon
group of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.
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There are 3 main types of RNA:
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
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During transcription:
- 1.RNA polymerase binds to DNA and seperate the DNA strands.
- 2.DNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
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During translation:
the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
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Mutations
- change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic info.
- changes in the genetic material.
- mistakes cells make in copying their own DNA, inserting an incorrect base/even skipping a base as the new strand is put together.
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Point Mutation
gene mutation involving changes in one/a few nucleotides.
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Frameshift Mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting/deleting a nucleotide.
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Polyploidy
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
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Gene Mutations
mutations that produce changes in a single gene.
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Chromosomal Mutations
- mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes.
- changes the number/structure of chromosomes.
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Point Mutations
- occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
- Substitutions- one base is changed to another.
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Frameshift Mutations
- may change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation. Can alter a protein so much that is is unable to preform its normal functions.
- Insertions/Deletions- a base is inserted/removed from the DNA sequence.
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4 Types Of Chromosomal Mutation
- 1.Deletion-loss of all/part of a chromosome.
- 2.Duplication-produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
- 3.Inversions-reverse direction of parts of chromosomes.
- 4.Translocations-part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
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