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Antiseptic
Tending to ihibit the growth and reproduction of microorganism
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Acquired immunity
Formation of antibodies in the infected host which protects against future invasion of the same organism
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Host
An animal or plant that harbors and provides fir the need of another organism
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Infection
Invasion of yhe body by pathogenic microorganism that caused disease
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Microorganism
Is a living entity microscopic. (too small to be seen by naked eye)
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Inflammation
The protective response of body tissues to irritation or injury
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Infection control
Means to institue and practice measures to curtail the spread of infectious disease
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Microbiology
The study of organism that only be seen through a microscope
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Nosocomial infection
Refers to infections acquired in the hospital
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Pathogen
Organisms that produce disease
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Reservoir
Ad a means of sustaining an infectious organism as otential source of infection
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Sterilization
Refers to the process that effectivelu kills or eliminates transmissible agents
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Standard precaution
Used when caring patient regardless of diagnosis or infection
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Spore
Specialized structure form by bacteria which is resistant to heat and drying
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Toxin
Poisonous waste produced by some bacyeria
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Virus
Smalleat microorg. Tgat cause infection only seen with electron microscope
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Virology
Study of viruses
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Microbiology
Study of microorg. , microbes, germs, and their activities. Only be seen through microscope
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Who laid the foundation of microbiology from 1865-1882?
- Louise Pasture
- Robert koch
- Joseph Lister
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Bacteriology
Study of bacteria
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Rickettseaology
Study of rickettsea
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Immunology
Study of immunity, resistance to diseaae
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Protozoology
Study of protozoa
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What are the microscopes discovered?
Light microscope and electron microscope
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Microbiology
Study of microorganism, microbes, germs, and their activities. Can only be seen through microscope
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Gerolamo Fracostorious
1484-1553 wrote three books on the tranfer of infections from person to person
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Who wrote about the transfer of infections from person to person?
Gerolamo Fracostorious 1484-1553
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Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723 from Holland. First petson yo obsetve and deacribe microorganisms he called "animalcules" throufh the mucriscope
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Who was the first person to look through a microscope and describe what they saw?
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek from Holland
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Lazarro Spallanzani
From Italy. Proposed and proved tgat heat and air excluded from tube containing animalcules and heated will kill them
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Edward Jenner
English physician who developed a vaccine against small pox
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Who developed a vaccine against small pox?
Edward Jenner an english physician
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Who laid the foundation of microbiology as a new separate science?
Louis pasteur, Robert Koch, and Joseph Lister
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Oliver Wendell Holmes
1843 physician poet published an article on contagiousness of puerperal sepsis, stated disease coyld be spread by hands of doctors and nurses
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Who wrote an article on contagiousness of puerperal sepsis?
Oliver wendell holmes
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Puerperal sepsis
a serious form of septicaemiacontracted by a woman during or shortly after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion. If untreated, it is life-threatening.
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Robert Koch
1843-1910 german physician. He developed Kochs postulates
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Ignaz Semmelweis
- 1847 advisrd handwashing with a chlirinated lime solution
- 1861 published his view on the cause of puerperal fever
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Who advised handwashing with a chlorinated lime solution?
Ignaz Semmelweis
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Who published their views on the cause of puerperal fever?
Ignaz Semmelweis
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Louis Pasteur
- 1822-1895 father of modern microbio and bacteriology
- Developed theory of fermentation
- Conclude decomp caused by growth of microorganisms
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Who is the father of modern microbiology and bacteriology?
Louis Pastuer
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Who developed the theory of fermentation
Louis Pastuer
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Who concluded that decomp. occurs by growth of microorg. ?
Louis Pastuer thr father of modern microbio anf bacteriology
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When is the golden age of bacteria?
1880-1890 when many bacteria were discovered
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Dr. Ricketts
1909- first observed rickettsea bodies
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Who first observed rickettsea?
Dr. Ricketts 1909
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How is rocky Mt. Spotted fever transmitted?
Wood ticks
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Wood ticks transmit what?
Rocky Mt. Spotted
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Joseph Lister
1912- applied emerging knowledge about the relationship btween disease and infection using asepsis in surgery
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Why practice Asepsis in surgery?
Reduce infections caused by surgery
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Sir Alexander Fleming
1928- Discovered penicillin by accident which saved his life since he had pneumonia
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Who and when discovered penicillin by accident?
Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928
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What are microorganisms?
- Living entities
- Only visible through microscope
- Exist in air, water, soil and lon everything and everyone
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Bacteriology
Study of bacteria
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Rickettseaology
Study if rickettsea
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Immunology
Study of immunity, resistance to disease
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Protozoology
Study of protozoa
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Invasion of microorganisms in the body results in?
- 1 cause an infection
- 2 not cause an infection (normal flora)
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Normal flora
Microorganism resides in the body without causing disease
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List different types of organisms.
- 1. Bacteria
- 2. Rickettsiae
- 3. Chlamydia
- 4. Virus
- 5. Fungi
- 6. Protozoans
- 7. Helminths
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baceria
- single celled
- appear in three basic shapes: round (coccus), rod shape (bacillus) and curved rod
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what are the differnt shapes that bacteria come in?
round (coccus), rod shaped (bacillus), and curved rod
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coccus
round shape for bacteria
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bacillus
rod shaped bacteria
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curved rod
curved rod shape of bacteria
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which is the largest group of microorganisms that can produce toins and cause disease?
bacteria
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aerobic bacteria
they only gow in the presence of oxygen
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anaerobic bacteria
it only gorw in the ABSENCE of O2
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spore
specialized structure formed by bacteria, remains dormant and germinates under favorable conditions. resistant to heat and disinfectants
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capsules
bacteria can form them. - thick, slimy substances that envelopes cells when conditions are unfavorable
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flagella
hair-like structures that enable the bacteria to move
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toxin
poisonous waste produced by bacteria
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rickettsiae
microorganism that resembe bacteria but act more like viruses. smaller than bacteria, reproduce within the living cells of the host; transmitted to humans by intermeiate life forms such as fleas. which are referred to as parasites and can be treated with antibiotics
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what microorganism resembles bacteria but act more like virus?
ricketssiae
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parasites
lives in a host
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chlamydia
classified as bacteria - smaller than ricketssiae
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what does chlamydia cause?
- 1. clamydia trachomatis, one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in the US
- 2. Trachomana a leading cause of blindness
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what is one of hte most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in the US and what causes it?
chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia (classified as a bacteria) causes it
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Viruses
- smalled microorganism known to cause infectious diseases, can only be seen with an electron microscope.
- they are filterable. need another organism to reporduce
- cause diseases such as common cold, fever, blister, chickn pox, shingles, aids, hep.
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what is the smallest microorganism know to cause infectious disease?
viruses
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what do viruses cause?
it causes fever, common cold, blister, chicken pox, aids, hepiatitis
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fungi
- plant like organisms, only a few cause infectious diseases in humans
- 3 types of infections: superficial, intermediate, systemic
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what are examples of fungi?
yeasts and molds
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mycotic infections
fungal infections
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superficial mycotic infection
fungal infection on the skin
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intermediate mycotic infection
fungal infection beneath the skin
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systemic mycotic infection
fungal infections that occur to organs
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protozoans
single-celled animals;classified according to their ability to move; use of flagella, and sporozoa
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where are protozoans found?
found in soil and most bodies of rain
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what do protozoans cause?
cause amoebic dysentery and malaria
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opportunistic infections
occur to patients that are immune compromised
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helminths
infectious worms, not microscopic
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what are examples of helminths?
roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes
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arthropods
animals with jointed legs including insects and ticks, mosquitoes can carry pathogens
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what do microorganims need to thrive?
favorable enviornment; warmth, darkness, oxygen, water and nourishment
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culture
a special medium to promote growth of the organism
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sensitivity
to determine which antibiotics will inhibit bacteria
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gram stain
uses a dye, a crytal violet/ blue violet use
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gram postive
retain the color of the crystal violet
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gram negatve
lost the crystal violet take the color of the red counterstain
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what microorganism is seen in gram positive?
streptococci
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what microorganism is seen in gram negative?
gonococci
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non pathogens
do not cause disease (harmless)
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residents
generally non pathogens that are constantly present on the skin
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transient
pathogens picket up during brief contact with contaminated reservoirs
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carriers
person that has the organism but NOT the disease
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what is the chain of infection
1. infectious agent (found everywhere) 2. reservoir 3. exit route from the reservir 4. mode of transmission 5. port of entry 6. susceptible host
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what is 'mode of transmission' in the chain of infection?
how the microorganims that cause infections leave its reservoir (someone or some place) and land on its new prey
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what are ways that microorganims survive?
1. form spores- which can resist heat and destructive chemicals that can survive without moisture 2. ability to become ntibiotic resistant
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what are the methods of disease transmission?
1. contact: person to person 2. airborne 3 enviornment to person 4. droplet, vehicle 5. vector - vehicle into the body
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infections acquired while in the hospital or other health agency at least 48 hours after admission or within 30 days of discharge is called?
nosocomial infections
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infection
refers to the condition that result when the microorganism cause injury to the host
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colonization
refers to the presence of microroganisms but the host does not manifest signs or sympotoms of infection
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what are the stages of infection?
1. incubation period 2. prodromal state 3. acute stage 4. convalescent stage 5. resolution
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incubation period of infection
interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptom
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prodromal stage of infectin
interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms (example: body aches but cold not there yet)
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acute stage of infection
interval when atient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection (ex: full blown flu)
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convalescent stage of infection
interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear
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resolution stage of infection
when infection disappears
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infection control
means to institue and practice measures to curtail the spread of infectious diseases
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what are ways to control spread of infectious diseases?
1. confining pathogens to one area (private room) 2. using personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns, face protection ect) 3. dispose of contaminated linen, equip. and supplies
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what are the two major categories established by CDC in 1996?
1. standard precautions 2. transmission based precautions
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CDC
centers for disease control and prevention
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standard precautions
used when caring for all patients, regardless of diagnosis or infection; a mjor category established by CDC in 1996
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transmission based precautions
a major category established by CDC in 1996; measures used for controling spread of infectious agents from pts known to be or suspected of being infected with highly transmissible or epidermiologically imporan pathogens
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what is another name for transmission based precaution?
isolation precautions
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what is te most improtant and basic preventive technique for preventing spread of infection?
hand washing
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