Cancer

a neoplasm and abnormal mass, growth or porliferation that is independent of neighboring tissue

• Not a recuurent or progressive
• non-malignat (-oma)

• Growing worse: resisting treatment, tending or threatening to produce death
• -carcinoma or sarcoma
• spread

Movement of bacteria or body cesll (especially canerous) from one part of the body to another

process by which normal cells are transformed into caner cells

• differentiated cells (look like tissue of orgin)
• Encapsulated and expands DOES NOT SPREAD
• can damage surrounding structures

• Undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells (no not look like tissue of orgin)
• Irregular size, shape, SPREADS
• Compresses blood vessels
• often set up sites of inflammation and infection, inner cells die
• Tume traps nutrients then normal cells are deprived (later in development)

• Grading is based on how the cancer cells look
• Grade 1- looks similar to the cell of orgin (caught early = good prognosis)
• Grage 4 - undifferentiates cells look very different than the cells of origin - different sizes and shapes (late state = poor prognosis)

• C - Change in bowl or bladder
• A - A sore that doesn't heal
• U - unusual bleeding or discharge
• T - Thickening or Lump
• I - Indesestion or difficult swallowing
• O - Obvious change in wart or mole
• N - Nagging cough or horseness

• Obstrution of duct, passageway
• Pain
• Ulcertion Leads to necrosis
• Inflammation

• Weight loss, cachexia (cancer takes nutrients)
• Anorexia, Fatigue, Stress, Anemia
• Increased demands on the rest of the body
• Systemic infections
• Parneoplastic syndromees
• Bleeding (eroded blood Vessels)

• Permanent alteration of DNA.
• Normal cells transform into abnormal cells that continue to reproduce
• Initiating
• Exposure to promoters
• Continued exposure = Malignant Tumor

• Genetic Predisposition
• Smoking
• Chemicals used in industry, food, cosmetics, plastic
• Environmental agents
• Radiation
• Advanced age

• Through medical exam and history
• Lab Test: blood, spinal fluid, etc
• Palpation
• Endoscopy of hallow organs (proctoscope)
• X-ray, CT scan, MRI, Ultrasound, PET scan, (looking for changes in tissues and orans
• Biopsy ( most diagnostic)

• Carcinoma: epithelial or glandular spread through lymph travel
• Sarcoma: connective tissue, spread through blood travel

• T : (tumor size - primary tumor) 0-4
• N : (lymph noed involved) 0-4
• M : Metastasis 0-3 number of sites it has moved

• Curative
• Palliative (comfort care)
• Prophylactic (prevent cancer after tumor has been removed)

• Most success with small, localized tumors
• May not be able to get entire tumor, may need to remove normal tissue and nearby lymph nodes
• May have significant effect of function

• use of antineoplastic drugs (combination of 2-4 drugs)
• May induce regression of tumor reduce pain
• Side Effects on bone marrow, GI, hair and skin
• Blook count need to be watched closely
• Pt at increased risk for infection and poor healing abilites.

• Using either external rays, or internal insertion of radioactive matherial aimed to alter DNA of rapily growing cells and estroy them while trying to avoid normal tissue
• Side effects: bone marrow despression, damage to blood vessels, and skin, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, anemia, fatigue, and possible sterility

• Hormones
• Biological response modifiers (helps increase immune system)
• Angiogenesis inhibitor drugs (decreases growth of blood vessles)
• Analgescis - pain meds
• Augmented nutrition

• Pain Control is critical PCA
• Maintaining fluid and food intake as concer cells compete for nutrition leading to weight loss
• ADL evaluation
• engergy conservation and wrok simplifivation