PSY Chapter 6

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound of physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.

model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than retrieval cue a stimulus for remembering.

the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

working memory

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

Lasts from 12-30 seconds without rehearsal

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

memory that is consciously known

Semantic and episodic memories

memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness.

Procedural memory

• type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known.
• Memory for facts

type of long-term memory including the memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses.

These memories are not conscious, but are implies to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

Non-declaritve memory

type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events.

type of declarative memory containing general knowledge of language ad information learned in formal education.

the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.

memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information.

Ex: problem driving in England after learning in the U.S.

memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories.

“senile dementia”

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

the memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story (usually after age 3)

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding.

the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when an engram is formed.

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information.

a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.

will produce better retrieval than massed practice

another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.

the brief memory of something a person has just heard.

the rare ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

failure to process information into memory.

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surrounding or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.

memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness.

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3.

practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.

memory that is consciously known.

physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it.

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

holding onto information for some period of time

Short-term memory; STM

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.