PSY 111 Chap. 5

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

“conditioned reflex”

voluntary; stuff we do on purpose

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences.

the reinforcement of simple, steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced.

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

reward

any event or stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Ex: taking aspirin for a headache—removal of headache!

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforce, such as praise, tokens or gold stars.

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

1. Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish

2. Punishment should be consistent

3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior.

the reinforcement of each and every correct response.

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

schedule in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for the reinforcement is always the same.

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for each reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

AMIM

• Attention
• Memory
• Imitation
• Motivation

to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model.

the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was first seen on a cooking show.

the learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model.

the learner must have the desire to perform the action.

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

the use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control.

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings to the survival of learning.

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

may lead to phobias

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring only after one association.

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforce (in operant conditioning).

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

the sudden perception of relationships among the various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

voluntary; stuff we do on purpose

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences.

reward

any event or stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.