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Study of health and disease in the human population
Epidemiology
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Proportion of individuals having disease (old and
new) at a given time
Prevalence
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Rate of new cases occurring
Incidence
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Why is epidemiology important?
Identify risk factors, events
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Degree of periodontal disease involvement
– mild, moderate, severe
Severity--quantification
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Number or percentage of diseased teeth/sites per person
– localized, generalized
extent
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NHANES III
National health and nutrition examination survey
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singnificance of indicies
- Measurement systems (tools) to collect data
- Numerical expression
- Treatment planning
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Standardize and reproduce findings for
comparison
Private office and research
Indicies
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criteria for use of indicies (8)
- Simplicity
- Quick to perform
- Sensitivity
- Validity
- Reliability
- Acceptable to subjects
- Statistical analysis
- Clinically significant to researchers
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Different types to measure
- Plaque
- Calculus
- Inflammation (bleeding)
- Periodontal destruction
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Plaque indicies 4 types
- O’Leary Plaque Index
- Silness and Löe Plaque Index
- Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (Greene and Vermillion)
- Quigley-Hein Index
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O' Leary Plaque Index
- Location of plaque
- 10% reduction goal
- Simple index for patient education
- Good for private practice
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Assess gingival inflammation Bleeding, redness, swelling
gingival indicies
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Which one of the following indices is best used to monitor a patient’s plaque control in private dental practice?
O’Leary Plaque Record
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Measures disease severity and extent
Periodontal destruction indicies
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Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) System
- For general practice
- Evaluates patient treatment needs
- Records periodontal status of patient in private
- practice
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Prevelence of gingivitis
50%; involving 3-4 teeth
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Prevelence of advanced periodontitis
5-20%
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Prevelence of agressive periodontitis
<1%
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studies examined at multiple intervals
longitudinal studies
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Epidemiologic Variables
- Risk indicators
- • age
- • osteoporosis
- Risk factors
- • diabetes mellitus
- • smoking
- • dental biofilms
- Risk determinants
- • e.g., race, gender, age are risk determinants because they cannot be modified
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Associated with periodontal disease but not the direct cause of it (demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral)
Risk indicators
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Characteristics possibly putting individuals at more risk
Risk factors
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Risk factors that cannot be changed or modified
Risk determinants
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Epidemiology measures periodontal disease utilizing
- plaque,
- calculus,
- gingival, and
- periodontal indices
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most common form of periodontal disease
gingivitis
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Risk factors are used to predict (2)
- occurance
- probability of deases
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Is Chronic periodontitis is prevalent in the general population?
Yes
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Future Trends
- Decrease in edentulism
- Increased prevalence of periodontal diseases
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