230 modules 1 and 2

• the need of each person to develop a sense of trust in self and others and a sense of personal worth
• Each stage requires resolution of conflict between two opposing forces.
• Must be resolved by individual and each stage must be completed before can move on to
• next stage.
• All conflicts can appear at any time in life and can reemerge

• infancy
• toddler
• preschool
• school age
• adolescence
• young adulthood
• middle adulthood
• older adulthood

• basic trust vs. basic mistrust
• faith and hope

• autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• self control and will power

• initiative vs. guilt
• direction and pupose

• industry vs. inferiority
• method and competence

• identity vs. role confusion
• devotion and fidelity

• intimacy vs isolation
• affiliation and love

• generativity vs. stagnation
• production and care

• ego integrity vs. despair
• renuncation and wisdom

• Based on the theory that children are biological organisms and development follows as they try to make sense of their world.
• Development PRECEDES learning.
• Concerned with how the mind works instead of why.
• *criticism is that he underestimated children and ignored cultural differences

birth to age 15

• sensorymotor
• preoperational
• Concrete operations
• formal operations

• birth to 2
• begins with reflexes and gradually
• gets more voluntary
• imitation
• physical manipulation
• object permanance develops

• 2 to 7
• advancing language and movement;
• egocentric, animistic and magical thinking;
• uses representational thought to learn;
• no cause-and-effect thinking;
• thought is dominated by the senses

• 7 to 11
• logic begins to be used to solve problems;
• collection and mastery of facts;
• can consider other points of view and is influenced by social constructs;
• language is perfected

• 11 to 15
• logical and manipulation of abstract concepts; morality

(all research only done with men) – focuses on hypothetical moral dilemmas – based on Piaget’s stages and occurs in school age and up

• 1.
• Preconventional – avoiding punishment and gaining
• reward

• 2.
• Conventional – gaining approval, avoiding
• disapproval

• Postconventional – rights,
• justice, personal moral standard

• 1. Preconventional – avoiding punishment and gaining reward
• 2. Conventional – gaining approval, avoiding disapproval
• 3. Postconventional – rights,justice, personal moral standard

states there is a different development of morals for women, based on changes within self instead of cognitive development. Women think in terms of caring and relationships, men think in terms of rules and justice.

• Preconventional – practical for others and best
• for self, realizing connection to others – individual survival
• Conventional – sacrifice self to fulfill others –
• self sacrifice is goodness
• Postconventional – moral equal of self and others
• – nonviolence, do not hurt self or others

• physiologic
• safety and security
• love and belonging
• self-esteem
• self actualization
• Movement along hierarchy is multidirectional and lifelong.

• 1. Basic needs
• 2. meeting costs and allocating resources
• 3. determining who does what
• 4. ensuring socialization
• 5. establishing ways of interacting that are within acceptable social limits
• 6. having kids
• 7. realting to others
• 8. maintaining morale and values

an attempt to explain aging in terms of behavior, personality and attitude change, development is a lifelong process with transitions

Havinghurst - after founding the activity theory

• Suggests that personality is developed by old age and people don’t change so their roles/life satisfaction remain consistant. Elderly retain same
• coping skills they have always had

• Integrated - have adjusted well to aging
• Armored-defended - continue the roles they had in middle age
• Passive dependent - highly dependent or disinterested
• Unintegrated - fail to cope at all

Havinghurst and Albrecht

• Remaining occupied and involved is a necessary part of a satisfying late life.
• Activity is associated with psychosocial health, inactivity negatively impacts life quality and hastens aging

Criticism – does not consider constraints in choices (physical, economic, social)

Cummings and Henry

• Aging is characterized by gradual disengagement from society and relationships.
• Think that separation is desired and it helps to maintain social equilibrium.
• Gives elderly time for reflection

Lawton

Introduced functional competence in relation to environment

Function is affected by ego strength, mobility, health, cognition, sensory perception, and the environment and can change as one ages.

Useful for appropriate environments for seniors

Tornstam

Proposes that aging individuals undergo a cognitive transformation from materialistic, rational perspective to oneness with the universe.

• Success includes outward focus, acceptance of impending death, substantive relationships, intergenerational connectedness and oneness with
• universe.

Baltes

Individuals learn to cope with the functional losses of aging through processes of selection, optimization and compensation

Positive coping process that facilitates successful aging.

Critical life points are morbidity, mortality and quality of life

Skinner

• Changes in behavior are a result of an individual's response to events that happen in their environment
• Stimulus-response patterns are reinforced and the individual is programmed to respond

Bandura

• People learn new behavior by watching other people (modeling)
• People have an intrinsic reward system
• 4 steps to modeling - attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Vygotsky

States that development cannot be separated from social and cultural context. Children have more ability to learn in this than Piaget’s theory.

Learning pulls development and is led by experiences.

• Zone of proximal development – distance between actual and potential development, children are pulled through by interaction with others and
• environment.

Scaffolding – guidance given by others in this zone.

episodes that occur during life cause random cell damage

aging is a sequence of predetermined events that happen to all organisms in a predetermined framework

Aging is due to oxidative metabolism and the effects of free radicals (products) reacting and causing cellular damage.

• Free radicals cause: cellular damage to DNA; lipid oxidation that damages cell membranes; DNA strand breaks and modifications that cause
• gene modulation

• an age pigment composed of lipids and proteins and caused by free radicals– a nondegradable material that decreases lysosome function and impacts
• already disabled mitochondria.

Over time cumulative changes in cells age and damage cellular metabolism.

• Some evidence that excessive wear and tear due to exercise may accelerate aging by causing
• increased free radical production

Cells divide until they can no longer and then undergo apoptosis

aging is due to faulty immunological function that is linked to general well being

Miller

• Designed to provide a guiding framework that would address older adults with physical impairment and disability.
• States that aging adults experience environmental and biopsychosocial consequences that impact functioning.
• Assumes that quality of life is integrated with functional capacity and dependency needs.

Nursing’s role is risk reduction to minimize age related disability to enhance safety and quality of living

Height

Failure to thrive results in a discord between the individual and his/her environment and relationships.

• Nurses identify and modify factors
• that contribute to disharmony among those elements

encompasses a person's ethnicity, nationality, religion and culture

• emphasizes physical properties and biological heredity. Race is a social construct and people of the same race can be biologically different.
• 4 races recognized by the census - white, black, native american, pacific islander

a collective identity, a sense of uniqueness within society, distinction from nonmembers

an element of ethnicity, shared patterns of values and behaviors that characterize a group

the beliefs, values, and treatment approaches that are products of cultural development. Can include priests, medicine people, astrologers etc

• chasms in health status between the advantaged and the disadvantaged
• major focus of the work of HCP
• low participation of minorities in research leads to disparities

• Led by the belief that optimal care for all is an essential cultural value.
• Providing culturally sensitive safe, competent, and meaningful care to people of diverse and similar
• cultures.
• Founded by Leininger