-
Helium, neon, and argon are not known to bond with any other gasses; as such they are called:
Inert Gasses
-
What is a hydrogen atom with one neutron called?
Isotope
-
what is the atomic number of an atom with three protons, five neutrons, and five electrons?
3
-
which of the following has the least mass?
Electron
-
An alpha particle is not an atom becuase it has no?
Electrons
-
what is a particle of energy that has no mass?
a gamma ray
-
what electrical charge do stable atoms have?
neutral
-
in stable atoms, there are equal numbers of
protons and electrons
-
during the process of decay, a radioactive element emits
particles of mass and energy
-
if an atom of a stable element loses one e-, its electrical charge will change to?
positive
-
what are the fundamental particles?
-
what fundamental particle has an atomic mass of 0?
electrons
-
the atomic number of an element is the number of?
protons in the nucleus
-
atomic mass is measured by the
sum of protons, electrons and neutrons
-
neutrons play an important role in adding stability to
the nucleus
-
what are atoms that have a diff number of neutrons but the SAME number of protons?
isotopes
-
what are atoms called taht have the same number of neutrons but a DIFF number of protons?
isotones
-
what are atoms called that have the same number of neutrons and protons but different binding energy?
isomers
-
what holds the nucleus together?
strong nuclear force
-
binding energy is the energy needed to
break up a nucleus
-
what is the maximum number of electron shells possible in an atom?
7
-
all stable atoms have the same number of
protons and electrons
-
what charge does an atom normally have?
neutral
-
the outermost shell of an atom can have a maximum of
8 electrons
-
what keeps electrons in the shells of their atoms?
electron binding energy
-
what electrical charge does an atom with an extra electron have?
negative
-
what electrical charge does an atom that is short one electron have?
positive
-
through the process of ionic bonding, two atoms
attract
-
what is the process called in which two atoms bond by sharing some of the same electrons?
covalent bonding
-
each element has only one unique type of atom in it with a set number of
protons
-
atoms that have 8 electrons in their outermost shell
are less likely to form ions that combine with other atoms
-
atoms in each period of the PTOE have the same number of
electron shells
-
what are combinations of elements that are bonded together called?
compounds
-
in the process of radioactive decay, particles and energy are irradiated from
the nucleus
-
emission of particles and energy during the process of radiation is called
electromagnetic energy
-
photons are emitted in
gamma rays
-
what is the name of the particle that is made of two protons bound to two neutrons?
alpha particle
-
what is the electrical charge of beta particles?
negative
-
the SI unit used to measure 1 decay event per second is called
Bq (Becquerel)
-
the nucleus of every atom has at least one
proton
-
two atoms with an identical number of electrons and protons but a different number of neutrons are called?
Isotopes
-
the protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus of an atom by
binding energy
-
what is the term for the atoms of 2 diff elements bonded together in molecules?
compound
-
an ionic bond exists between what?
a positive and negative ion
-
radioactivity is the emission of energy and particles from
the nucleus
-
what is a true energy ray?
gamma ray, its all energy (alpha and beta are particle beams)
-
what is a hydrogen atom with a negative charge called?
an ion
-
which number is always bigger in elements, excluding isotopes?
atomic mass (protons + neutrons)
-
sodium chloride is an example of?
a compound
-
atoms of carbon12 have more of what kind of particle than atoms of carbon14?
neutrons, 12 and 14 protons
-
compounds are formed of ?
two or more diff elements
-
what part of an atom changes immediately when a radioactive atom decays?
the nucleus
-
photons have which of the following?
energy, mass, velocity (all of the above)
-
alpha particles from a radioactive atom are?
2 protons and 2 neutrons
-
x-rays are one type of?
electromagnetic energy
-
Ancient Greeks
air, water, earth, fire
-
Dalton, early 1800's
seperated elements based on mass
led to medeleev's development of the periodic table of elements
-
rutherford 1911
theory was- dense, positive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons
-
Bohr 1913
atom like a mini solar system
this theory revised since then but basics still applicable
-
schrodinger (bohr also)
- foundation of modern physics
- quantum physics or wave mechanics
-
quantum physics
- electrons cannot be divided into smaller parts
- protons and neutrons made up of quarks
- M theory (string theory)
-
M theory (string theory)
- links quantum physics and relativity
- says that electrons and quarks aren't really particles, but loops of vibrating strings
-
definition of quark
smaller sub-nuclear structure that makes up protons and neutrons
-
mass of a proton
1836 times greater than an electron
-
mass of a neutron
1838 times greater than an electron
-
Electron shells
- K-Q
- 1-7
- electron capacity = 2n2 n= number of orbit (k=1, q=7)
-
octet rule
8 electrons allowed in outer shell
-
PTOE
Horizontal periods= elements that have the same number of electron shells
Vertical Groups= have the same number of electrons in their outer (valence) shell
-
electromagnetic energy
- results from acceleration of a charge
- EM radiation can travel through a medium or vaccuum
- wave\particle duality
- excitation\ionization (excitation= energy transferred to a higher e- shell)
-
all about Alpha particles
- positive charge
- a type of ionizing\particulate radiation
- associated with radioactive decay in nucleus
- equivalent to a helium nucleus
- emitted from very large elements (huge mass, large particle)
- lose energy rapidly to surrounding e- when the interact with matter, causing ionization of tissue.
- when it comes to rest it attracts 2 free electrons, making helium gas
-
all about Beta Particles
- negative charge
- emitted from nucleus of radioactive atoms
- atomic mass near 0, light particles
- come from radioactive decay in nucleus
- more penetrating than alpha particles
- when they transfer kinetic energy, they combine with an atom in the tissue and neutralize the atom, losing its negative charge
-
all about beta particles cont'd
- likened most closely to e-, atomic mass almost the same but origin is different
- moves faster than alpha particles, wouldn't be stopped by paper.
-
definition of nucleon
proton and neutron together
-
how is a hertz (Hz) defined?
One cycle per second
-
the bending of light rays through a prism is called?
refraction
-
what do x-rays, gamma rays and visible light all have in common?
they all have photons
-
what three things are true of electromagnetic energy?
- has photons
- has varying levels of energy
- moves at the speed of light
-
frequency is determined by
the number of waves in one second
-
out of AM radio, FM radio, infrared and visible light... which has the longest wavelength?
AM radio
-
what causes frequency to rise?
as a wavelength shortens
-
what does frequency times wavelength equal?
velocity
-
what is is the SI unit for frequency?
Hertz
-
Gamma rays originate in?
the nucleus
-
define amplitude
the height of a wave, a wave with a large amplitude is generally stronger than a wave with a small amplitude
-
define frequency
the number of waves that go by in a second
-
what is the speed of light?
approx 3*108 m\sec (186000 mph)
-
what is the equation for calculating energy?
e (energy) = h (Planck's constant) x frequency (in Hz)
-
in electromagnetic energy, what is vibrating?
energy itself
-
electromagnetic energy is a combination of
electric and magnetic fields
-
electromagnetic energy in a vacuum would normally?
travel in a straight line
-
a characteristic of photons is that they all have
no mass
-
the height of a wave is called
amplitude
-
what is not true of electromagnetic energy?
that it has a constant frequency
-
the number of waves that go by in one second is called
frequency
-
what is the frequency of a wave if only one-tenth of it goes by in 1 second?
0.10 cycle
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