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At RMP is the Na inactivation gate open or closed?
Open
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At RMP is the Na activation gate open or closed?
closed
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During depolarization are the Na activation gates open?
yes as is the sodium inactivation gate
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Absolute refractory period is due to what?
Na inactivation gates
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Relative refractory period is due to what?
Slow K activation channels
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Low levels of what cause Alzeimers?
Ach
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Destruction of what is associated with Alzeimers?
Nucleus basalis/Basal telencephalon
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What shape of sulci and gyri are associated with Alzeimers?
wide sulci and narrow gyri
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How are catecholamines primarily eliminated from the synaptic cleft?
Secondarily?
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Norepinephrine is produced where?
Locus ceruelus
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Dopamine is produced where?
substantia niagra/ midbrain tegmentum in the mesencephalon
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5HT is produced where?
Midbrain Raphe Nucleus
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How are low levels of 5HT treated?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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What cell eliminates glutamate in the Brain?
astrocyte
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What effect does GABA have on CNS?
What other molecules potentiate its effects?
- Inhibitory...increases cl permeability..harder to depolarize...
- alcohol
- barbituaries
- benzodiazopine(valium) all potentiate the effects of GABA
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Aspartate is excitatory where?
in the Spinal Chord
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Whats the first sign of Multiple Sclerosis?
Optic neuropathy in women in their 30's
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In which hematoma are RBS found in CSF?
Subarachnoid
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Huntington's in caused by a lesion where?
In the striatum, especially caudate
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The myotatic reflex detects what type of movement?
what nerve fiber does it use?
-
The reverse myotatic reflex detects what type of movement?
What nerve fiber does it use?
- detects overcontraction---tension
- Ib
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Whats the most important UMN for antigravity reflex?
Lateral Ventral Nucleus...LVN
-
Where is the LVN located?
at the medulla level
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What allows for antigravity reflex?
Axial extensor bias
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Why is the ipsilateral vestibulospinal tract/Lateral Vestribulo Nucleus a powerful axial extensor bias system?
because there is no internuerons involved at the level of the LMN
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What is the only UMN that doesnt have an interneuron?
Lateral Vestibulo Nucleus
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How are lateral vestibulo nuclei, reticularis pontis oralis and reticularis pontis caudalis the same?
Different?
- Same-- all 3 are UMN's..axial extensor bias..antigravity muscles
- Diff---only LVN directly synapses unto a LMN..RPO and RPC have an interneuron..as a result are as not as powerful
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What is the only UMN involved in the Antigravity reflex that is bilateral?
Reticularis Giganto Cellularis
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Where is the Red nucleus located?
at the level of superior colliculi at the mesencephalon
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What is the UMN that is contralateral and mediates proximal limb flexion?
Red Nucleus
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Betz have direct input on LMN without interneurons where?
In the cervical chord
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Why is there fine controlled movement in the distal part of the upper limb?
Because the Betz cells directly synapse unto LMN without interneurons?
-
What is the purpose of the Lateral cortico spinal tract?
Distal limb flexure
-
Cortico spinal tracts decassate where?
At the medulla/SC junction
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What's present in the genu of the Internal capsule?
Cortico-bulbar tract
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What are the LMN in the brainstem?
CN III, IV,V,VI,VII,IX,X,XI,XII
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What UMN innervates the LMN in the brain stem?
Cerebral Cortex area IV
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What are the UMN that directly project onto LMN?
- Ia autogenic excitation
- Lateral vestibular Nucleus LVN
- Betz cell unto distal flexors of upper limb
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What are the tracts of Tectum that allow body to react with eyes to stimuli?
- Tectospinal tract
- medial longitudinual fasciculus
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The corticospinal tracts come together where?
Internal capsule
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Interneurons are found in what lamina?
Lamina VIII
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What are the UMN that are contralateral?
- Red nucleus
- Cerebral cortex
- The lumbar portion of the flexor-crossed extensor
- UMN to CN VII to lower face
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Whats the difference between the corticospinal tr and the cortico bulbar tract?
- cortico spinal trat comes from cerebral cortex..area 4
- corticobulbar tract---UMN to LMN in the brain stem
- CN 3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12
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In decerebrate rigidity which is the highest UMN that is disinhibted?
LVN..all limbs extended
-
In decorticate rigidity which is the highest UMN that is disinhibited?
Red nucleus---proximal limb flexion and distal limb extension
-
What is produced in the Nucleus Accumbens?
GABA
-
Cogwheel and Leadpipe rigidity is seen in what disease?
Parkinsons
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Rubrospinal tract comes from what UMN?
Red Nucleus
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Large amplitude and high velocity movement are seen in what lesion?
Subthalamus
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Hyperkinetic movements are seen where?
Basal ganglia
-
Huntington is caused by a deficiency in what Basal ganglia?
Caudate
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Cerebellum is derived from which plate?
Alar late
-
Tourettes is caused by a deficiency in what BG?
Putamen
-
5HT
NE
GABA
Ach
Dopamine
- Raphe Nucleus
- Locus Cereleus
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Basal Nucleus of Myenrt
- S. Nigra/Midbrain Tegmentum
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