Bio-38 Vocab

equals 1000 calories, or 1 kilocalorie (kcal)

a calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

*The nutrients that the body needs are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

*Every cell in the human body needs water because many of the body's processes, including chemical reactions, take place in water.

simple and complex carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body

formed from fatty acids and glycerol

supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle

organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often working with enzymes

inorganic nutrients that the body needs, usually in small amounts

*The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several major accessory structures, including the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver add secretions to the digestive system.

*The function of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.

enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars

food tube that leads to stomach

contractions of smooth muscle that squeeze the food through the esophagus into the stomach

food from the esophagus empties into this large muscular sac

a mixture of stomach fluids and food

digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place

gland that:

• 1. produces hormones
• 2. produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
• 3. produces sodium bocarbonate (a base that neutralizes stomach acid so the enzymes will be effective)

produces bile, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts

fingerlike projections

primary function is to remove water from the undigested material that is left

*The kidneys play an important role in maintaining homeostasis. They remove waste products from the blood; maintain blood pH; and regulate the water content of the blood and, therefore, blood volume.

organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood

tube that leaves each kidney, carrying urine to the urinary bladder

saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted

the functional units of the kidney

*As blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. The purified blood exits the nephron through the venule.

passing a liquid or a gas through a filter to remove wastes

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron

hollow, cup-shaped structure that encases the glumerulus

the process in which fliuid is taken back into a vessel

section of the nephron tubule in which water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized

tube that releases urine from the body