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Transverse plane
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior portions. Plane at the waist or at any other level across the body
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Frontal plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions
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Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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Midsagittal plane
Divides body into equAl left and right halves
-
Name the vertical plane(s)
- Midsagittal plane
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane
-
Name the horizontal plane(s)
Transverse plane
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Ventral
Refers to front or belly side of the organ or body
-
Dorsal
Refers to the back of the organ or body
-
What is the opposite of ventral?
Dorsal - refers tobthe back of organ or body
-
What is the opposite of dorsal?
Ventral- refers tothe front or belly side if organ or body
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Anterior
Situated in the front. On the front or forward part of an organ
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Posterior
Situated inthe back.
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Superior
Uppermost, above, ot toward the head
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Inferior
Lowermost, below, toward the feet
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The stomach is located _____ to the pancreas.
Anterior
-
The pancreas is located _____ to stomach.
Posterior
-
What is the opposite of anterior?
Posterior- situated in the back
-
What is the opposite of posterior?
Anterior- situated in the front
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The lungs are located _____ to the diaphragm.
Superior
-
The stomach is located ______ to the diaphragm
Inferior
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Cephalic
Toeards the head
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What is the opposite of cephalic?
Caudal- toward the lower part of the body
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Caudal
Towaed the lower part of yhe body
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What is the opposite of caudal?
Cephalic- toward the head
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Proximal
Situated nearest the midlune or beginning of a body structure
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The ______ end of the humerus forms part of the shoulder
Proximal
-
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
-
the ______ end of the humerus forms part of the elbow.
distal
-
what is the opposite of proximal?
distal - situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
-
what is the opposite of distal?
promixal - situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
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medial
direction toward or nearer the midline
-
The ______ ligament of the knee is near the inner surface of the leg.
medial
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what is the opposite of medial?
lateral - direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline
-
lateral
direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline.
-
The _______ ligment of the knee is near the side of the leg.
lateral
-
what is the opposite of lateral?
medial
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bilateral
relating to, or having, two sides
-
1?
frontal plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
-
2?
midsagittal plane - divided the body into equal left and right halves
-
3?
transverse plane - divides the body into superior and inferior portions
-
what are the two major body cavities?
dorsal and ventral cavities which are spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
-
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two: cranial cavity and spinal cavity
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Are there any portions in the dorsal cavity if so what are they?
- 1. cranial cavity
- 2. spinal cavity
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ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis. divided into 3: thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
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homeostasis
process through which the body maintains a constant internal enviornment
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thoracic cavity
surrounds and protects heart and the lungs
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diaphragm
a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-
abdominal cavity
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
-
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones and it contains primarily the organs of the reporductive and excretory systems
-
abdominopelvic cavity
abdomino and pelvic cavities as a single unit
-
inguinal
relating to the groin refers to the entire lower area of the abdoment
-
1
cranial cavity - part of dorsal cavity which is located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
-
2
ventral cavity
-
3
thoracic cavity - a part of central cavity; protects the heart and lungs
-
4
abdominopelvic cavity
-
5
pelvic cavity
-
6
dorsal cavity - consists of spinal cavity and cranial cavity
-
7
spinal cavity - surrounds and protects the spinal cord
-
hypochondriac regions
located on the left and right side of the body and ocvered by the lower ribs
-
epigastric region
located above the stomach
-
lumbar region
located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine
-
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus which is the belly button
-
umbilicus
belly button or navel
-
iliac regions
located on the left and right sides over the hip bones
-
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
-
what are the names and abbreviations of the abdominal quadrants?
- 1. right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- 2. left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- 3. right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- 4. left lower quadrant (LLQ)
-
-
-
-
caud/o
toward tail or lower part
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
poster/o
back or toward back
-
-
-
coronal plane
frontal plane which divides body into anterior and posterior portions
-
ventr
belly side of the body
-
-
-
-
-
poster
back or towards back
-
-
caud
tail or lower part of the body
-
cranial
pertaining to the skull
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
-
membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or organ
-
what are the layers of the peritoneum? (start with the outer)
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
-
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
-
-
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
-
visceral
relating to the internal organs
-
mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
-
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
-
-
-
-
peritonities
inflammation of the peritoneum
-
-
cells
basic structural and functional units of the body
-
cytology
study of the anatomy physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
-
-
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by seperating them from its external enviornment
-
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
-
-plasm
formative material of cells
-
nucleus
it is surrounded by the nuclear membrane is a structure within hte cell that has two important functions. 1. controls the actitivites of the cell 2. it helps the cell divide
-
what are the functions of the nucleus?
1. it controls the activities of the cell 2. it helps the cell divide
-
stem cells
unspecialized cells tht are able to renew themselves for long period of time by cell division. under the right condition they can specialize with special functions
-
adult stem cells
undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a issue or organ. primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
-
somatic stem cells
another name for adult stem cell which are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a issue or organ. primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
-
what is another name for adult stem cells?
somatic stem cells
-
undifferentiated
not having a speacilized function or structure
-
differentiated
having a specilized fucntion or structure
-
embryonic stem cells
undifferntiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell
-
what do embryonic stem cells come from?
core blood found in the umbilical cord and placenta of a newborn infant. can be harvested and kept froze until needed for treatment purposes
-
gene
fundamental phsical and functional unit of heredit
-
genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
-
-
-
geneticist
specialist in genetics
-
genome
complete set of genetic information of an individual
-
choromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell.
-
what are chromosomes made up of?
DNA molecules containing the body's genes.
-
somatic cell
any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells)
-
how many chromosomes are in the somatic cells?
46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs. 22 are identical pairs of chromosomes. the 23rd consists of XX or XY.
-
sex cell
sperm or egg, also known as a gamete, is the only cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. girl and boy have 23 single choromosomes. in female one will be X chromo while male with have either X or Y
-
how many chromosomes are in the sex cells?
23 single chromosomes. female - one will be X chromo. male - one will be X or Y chromo.
-
what is another name for sex cell?
gamete
-
what is another name for gamete?
sex cell
-
somatic cell mutation
change within the cells of the body. affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation
-
gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that CAN be transmitted by a parent to his or her children.
-
genetic engineering
manipulation or splicing of genes for schientific or medical purposes
-
what is an example of genetic engineering?
production of human insulin from modified bacteria
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genetic disorder
also known as ereditary disorder, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
-
cystic fibrosis (CF)
genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
-
down syndrome (DS)
genetic cariation that is associated wit characeristic facial appearance, learning disabilities and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
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Hemophilia
groud of herediatry bleeding disorders in which a blood clotting factor is missing. can have spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury
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huntington's disease (HD)
genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. each child of a parent with this disease has 50 50 chance of getting it. causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
-
degeneration
worsening condition
-
muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases that are characterized b progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
-
phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylse is missing. can be detected by a blood test at birth and one can lead a normal life with proper diet. but if not discovered it can lead to mental retardation
-
tay-sachs disease
gatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatt substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain. recessive gene so both parents need it for baby to get it
-
tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.
-
what are the main types of tissue?
1.epithelial, connectice, muscle, and nerve
-
-
epithelial tissues
form a protectice covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. also form glands.
-
epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
-
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
-
endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lyph vessels, body cavities glands, and organs.
-
connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues.
-
what are the different types of connective tissue?
dense connective tissues, adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, liquid connective tissues
-
dense connective tissues
form the joints and framework of th body
-
what are examples of connective tissue?
bone and cartilage
-
adipose tissue
proveds protective padding, insulation, and support
-
what is adipose tissue?
fat
-
-
-
loose connective tissue
sourrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
-
liquid connective tissues
transport nutrients nd waste products throughout the body
-
what consists of liquid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
-
muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
-
nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
-
aplasia
defective development , or the congenital absense, of an organ or tissue
-
-
hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to deficiency in the number of cells
-
anaplasia
change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
-
-
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
-
hyperplasia
enlargment of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
-
hypertrophy
general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but NOT in the number of cells in the tissue
-
-
what is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
hyperplasia - is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of the number or cells; hypertrophy - increase of body part or organ but not cause of number of cells
-
what is the difference of hypertrophy and anaplasia?
anaplasia - there is a change in the strucuture of cells due to tumor formation in cancers; hypertrophy - increase in bulk of body part or organ due to increase in size not increase in cell numbers or because of tumor development
-
gland
group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
-
secretion
substance produced by a gland
-
what are the different types of glnds
1. exocrine glands 2. endocrine glands
-
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
-
-
endocrine glands
hormones are secreted directly into the blood stream, which are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body
-
what do endocrine glands produce?
hormones
-
what is are the difference(s) between endocrin gland and exocrine gland?
exocrine gland - secrets chemicals into ducts; endocrine glands - secret hormones directly into blood stream
-
adentitis
inflammation of a gland
-
-
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originated in glandular tissue
-
-
-
malignant
harmful, capale of spreading, and potentially life threatening
-
adenoma
benign tumor that arises in, or resembles glandular tissue
-
benign
not life threatening
-
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
-
what is the opposite of adenomalacia?
adenosclerosis - abnormal hardening of a gland
-
adenosis
any disease condition of a gland
-
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
-
what is the opposite of adenosclerosis?
adenomalacia - abnormal softening of a gland
-
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
-
-
etiology
study of the causes of diseases
-
-
pathogen
disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
-
transmission
spread of a disease
-
contamination
pathogen is possibl present
-
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
-
contagious disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects. also known as communicable disease
-
what is another name for communicable disease?
contagious disease
-
indirect contact transmission
situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
-
bloodborne transmission
sread of a disease through contact with blood or other bldy fluids that are contaminated with blood
-
what are examples of bloodborne transmission?
HIV, hep B and most STD's
-
airborne transmission
occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze.
-
what are examples of airborne transmission?
TB, flu, colds and measles
-
food-borne and waterborne transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present.
-
vector-born transmission
spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insects of animals such as flies, ticks, dogs etc)
-
what are the most common vectors and what do they transmit?
mosquitoes and they transmit malaria and west nile virus
-
epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreak of diseas within a population group
-
-
-
endemic
refers to ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area
-
epidemic
sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group or area
-
pandemic
outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
-
-
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
-
what a common example of a pandemic?
AID's which is worldwide
-
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
-
idiopathic disorder
illness without known cause
-
idi/o
peculiar to the individual
-
infectious disease
illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such s a bacteria and viruses
-
nosocomial infection
disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
-
organic diorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical change in the body
-
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
-
congenital
existing at birth
-
developmental disorder
can reselt in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
-
anomaly
deviation from what is regarded as normal
-
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
caused by the mothers consumption of alcohol durning pregnancy.
-
geriatrics
study of the medical problem and care of the aged
-
gerontology
medical problem and care of the aged
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