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amylase
an enzyme produced in the saliva and by the pancreas that breaks down carbohydrates for absorption
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amylopectine
a type of starch that is formed in a branched structure
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amylose
a type of starch that is formed in a straight chain
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aspartame
nonnutritive sweetener made with two amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid
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carbohydrate
a macronutrient containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 4 kcalories/gm
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complex carbohydrates
a form of carbohydrate that contains more than three sugar molecules
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dietary fiber
the indigestible carbohydrate found in plant cell walls and woody component
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disaccharides
a type of simple carbohydrate that contains two sugar molecules
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diverticulosis
a condition of the large intestine that is characterized by outpouching in the colon wall
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enrichment
replacement of nutrients in a food that were lost during processing
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fiber
a form of complex carbohydrates that is not digestible
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fortification
addition of nutrients to a food that are not naturally occurring in the product
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functional fiber
the indigestible carbohydrate that also has a physiological function, such as promoting laxation or reducing blood lipids
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galactosemia
a genetic disorder that causes elevated blood galactose because of an enzyme deficiency
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glucagon
a hormone that signals the breakdown of glycogen
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gluconeogenesis
the synthesis of glucose from glycogen or protein
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glycemic index (GI)
a measure of the rise in blood glucose 2 hours after consuming a portion of food containing 50 gm of carbohydrate
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glycogen
the storage form of glucose present in the liver and muscle
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glycogenolysis
the catabolism of glycogen to create glucose
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insoluble fiber
fiber that is insoluble in water, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
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ketone bodies
a by-product of incomplete fat metabolism that occurs during excessive fat catabolism because of insufficient carbohydrate availability
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lactose intolerance
an intestinal condition caused by insufficient synthesis of the intestinal enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose
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monosaccharides
a simple carbohydrate that contains one sugar molecule
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nonnutritive sweeteners
sugar substitutes that contain no kilocalories
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nutritive sweeteners
sugar substitutes that contain kilocalories
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polysaccharide
a complex carbohydrate with many sugar molecules
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simple carbohydrates
a form of carbohydrate that contains less than three sugar molecules
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soluble fiber
fiber that is insoluble in water, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
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starches
the storage form of carbohydrate in plants
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sugar alcohols
a nutritive sweetener derived from sugar; examples include sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol
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total fiber
the sum of dietary and functional fibers
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whole grain
grains that have not been overly processed and still retain the germ and bran
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