Personality Psychology exam 1

you unique and stanble traits of being and is consistent throughout a beings lifetime.

• unconscious thinking is responsible for differences in behavior
• unconscious thinking

• Identify where a person might lie along a contiuum of various personality characteristics
• dimension scales

• Focusing on the positve side of human nature and freewill.
• positive side of human nature

• consistent behavior as a result of conditioned or learned behavior
• conditioned or learned behavior

• differences in the way people process information to explain behavior
• thought process

• assessment
• test
• measure
• instrument
• scale

• type of culture in which people are more concerned about belonging in a larger group
• family, tribe, or nation
• favor cooperation more than competition
• more seen in Asia, Central America, and South America

• type of culture in which people are viewed as placing more emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments
• more independant
• seen most in the U.S. and most Northern European countries
• competition is more than cooperation

a test is reliable if the data is consistent over time when the test is repeated

• Test-retest
• split-test

when someone is administered the same test over time

Taking parts of a test and comparing those parts to one another

Is the test supposed to test what it is supposed to test?

• content validity
• construct validity
• predictive validity

does the content make sense according to the topic?

does it correlate with what it should or shouldn't correlate with

does it predict a difference in behavior?

• conscious influences
• often simple tests that ask closed answer questions
• Example: MNPI, 16 PF questionnaire, NEO personality inventory

• unconscious influences
• tests that ask for open-ended answers
• Example: Rorschach test and Thematic apperception test (TAT)
• less reliable and valid
• used and sworn effective by psychoanalysts
• proveds valuable insight and helps build relationship between therapist and patient

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
• designed to test psychological disorders
• test for depression, hysteria, paranoia, and schizophrenia
• Will not diagnose a disease

• 240 question assessment that tests five major personality traits
• Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness

• Assessment that tests 16 normal adult personality dimensions
• often used for job applications

• Ink blots
• used to examine a persons personality characteristics and emotional functioning

• TAT
• subject looks at a picture and tells a story about the test
• used to examine a subjects unconscious

• Neuroticism
• Extraversion
• Openness
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness

A general statement about the relationship between constructs or events.

• Formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is logically derived from the theory
• derived from a theory

• When: used to investigate relationships between variables
• How: measure both or all groups involved in study
• limit: does not give a cause
• keywords: relationship, related, linked to, associated

• between -1 to 1
• the closer to one the correlation is, the stronger the relationship is

• Both variables travel in the same direction
• 0-1 (0 to .2= no correlation, .2 to .4= weak correlation, .4 to .6 =moderate correlation, .6 to .8 =strong correlation
• Example: The more time one spends studying, the better grades that person will recieve on an exam

• Both variables that travel in opposite directions
• -0 to -1 (0 to -.2= no correlation,
• -.2 to -.4= weak correlation, .-4 to .-6 =moderate correlation, -.6 to -.8
• =strong correlation
• Example: The more time someone spends partying the person is most likely to recive a lower score on an exam

• When: when you want to draw cause and effect
• How: manipulate one of the variables under controlled conditions
• limit: hard to make entirely random and hard to control variables

• The variable in a experiment that is being manipulated
• causes direct variable
• Example: Different temperatures may cause subjects to score higher on test ( temperature is independant variable)

The outcome that is affected by the independent variable

There may be interactions between variables

The Independant variable may have influenced another dependent variable

• A manipulated independent variable while everything else is controlled
• randomly assigned groups
• There will be an infinite amount of independent variables if groups aren't randomly assigned

The group that recieves treatment(independent variable)

The group that doesn't get treatment

• subjects tested are not chosen by random
• corrected by random assignment

• other variables may have affected dependent variable
• corrected by randomly assigning groups

• People belive that treatment actually works
• corrected by blind study

• The experimenter's expectations influence results
• corrected by a double blind study

• subject is not comfortable with test or answers on test
• anonymity or non-self report

• Tests that determine if group averages were found from real effects or just by chance
• Example: ANOVA, Chi-square, or t-test

The number that determines the significance between dependent variables

• n = number of subjects in group
• N = total number of subjects in group
• P < .05 means that there is a significant difference
• P > .10 means that there is not a significant difference
• P between .05 and .10 means that there is a marginally significant. This usually means that you need to get more data and withold judgement

When an experiment is done by another researcher. If similar results are found in future experiments then the experiment is seen as significant in terms of a genuine relationship

• bringing unconscious thoughts into the conscience
• psychoanalytic theory

Analytic psychology

individual Psychology

Ego Psychology

The mind is like an ice berg whereas the majority of the ego and part of the superego are seen in the conscious and the id is completely submerged in the unconscious

• conscious- what you are thinking about at the moment ( contains a small amount of the ego and superego
• preconscious- if prompted you can bring thought into the conscious easily (contains a larger amount of the ego and superego
• unconscious- thoughts that you don't have access to (contains a small part of the ego and superego and the entire id)

Part of the conscious that seeks only pleasure and immediate personal satisfaction

• that part of the conscience that mediate between the the id and the superego
• reality principle

• the conscience only principle
• represents what you can and cannot do

actively trying to keep memories out of the conscious

• accusing another of having a problem that you are having yourself
• I am selfish however I accuse others of being selfish

• similar to regression but do not mix between the two
• taking anger out on another living being however it is not the one who caused the anger

• acting the opposite of how you really feel
• example: a man who is really homosexual who partakes in hate crimes against other homosexuals

• similar to displacement but do not mix the two
• going back to childlike behavior or thinking
• your own specific childlike behavior

justifying logic with excuses

identifying with a group or individual of higher social status to make yourself feel better

• only healthy defense mechanism
• taking out negative feelings in a healther manner such as sports, art or poetry

sexual or life energy

death or violent energy

the reduction of tension after we laugh

• age: 0-1 year of age
• focus: mouth, lips and toungue
• task: weening from the breast
• possible fixations: oral fixation which may manifest in smoking, overeating, overdrinking, any bad habits with mouth

• Age: 2-3 years of age
• focus: anus and feces
• Task: potty training; trying to learn control over muscle group (as well as trying to please primary caregiver in doing so)
• fixation: anal fixation (anal retentive or anal repulsive)

• Age: 4-5 years of age
• focus:genitals
• stage can be identified if children are caught "playing with themselves" in public
• task: oedipus or electra complex

• Age: 6-12 years
• formation of sexuality; getiing to know one's own body
• learning social skills that are necessary for mature sexual relations
• there is no task, fixation, or adult manifestation

• Age: puberty on
• focus: genitals
• sexual relations with others

• little boys want the attention of the mother and the father is in the way of getting all of that attention
• freud believed that it creates an anxiety of being castrated by the father
• corrected by identifying with the father as much as possible

• Girls suffer from penis envy
• may develop sense of inferiority and jealousy towards males
• corrected by identifying with the mother

person tries to overly control things; extremely clean,

person is very sloppy and may sometimes be aggresive (sometimes mostly towards women)

• Also known as the talking cure
• bringing unconscious thoughts into the conscious
• once the unconscious thoughts have surfaced therapist must help the ego to gain control over the id and superego

When the patient will talk to the therapist as if the therapist once was a person of significance in the patients past

• where the therapist displaces their own thoughts and feelings toward other people in his life onto the patient
• therapist must first have this done to him first and must be licensed to do so

recording thoughts that first come in mind

• dreams provide id impulses with a stage for expressing itself
• our dreams represent the thigns and events that we desire
• dreams associate with the libido

looking at the misstatements of a patient

• putting the ego in a state of suspended state
• freud believed that one could bypass the ego and get straight into the unconscious thoughts by hypnotizing patient

using tests such as the roarshach or TAT to test to look at the answers to represent unconscious material

Freud believed that accidents really aren't accidents but inentional actions caused by unconscious impulses

looking at daily behaviors as symbolic gestures of unconscious thoughts

• often used in children to view their inner thoughts and feelings
• a person is given a blank sheet of paper and is asked to draw a human

• freud believed that laughing at agressive jokes are a way of releasing aggression in a socially appropriate manner
• releases a catharsis or energy

• Carl Jung
• thought that the driving force for development was spiritual energy
• people continue to develop throughout lifespan

memories and other non physical attitudes that are passed on through ancestors

• people of individual cultures have a similar group of beliefs
• example: god and religion

created by Jung and is thought to be a hereditary trait

people that prefer the company of others

not necessarily shy but finds self's inner world more entertaining

• created by adler
• need for superiority

• everyone needs to feel above average
• meaning that everyone needs to have at least one thing that makes them better than others or will suffer from an inferiority complex

• aka identity psychology
• psychosocial stages of development

• Age:0-1
• Are my basic needs being met?
• yes: trust becomes a default behavior
• no: trust will not immediately be present

• Age: 2-3
• Can I learn things on my own?

• Age: 4-6
• Am I good or bad?
• mostly learned from parent
• punishing behavior not child

• Age:6 through puberty
• Am I competant or worthless?
• learned from peers

• Age: adolescence
• Who am I? Where am I going?

• Age: Early adulthood
• Am I capable of having a meaningful relationship or will I live in isolation?
• Not necessarily a romantic relationship but a relationship with another person

• Age: middle adulthood
• Am I producing something of value?
• happens when death becomes apparant and you start to think outward from the self

• Age: late adulthood
• Have I lived a full life?

• Jung, Adler, Erikson
• ascribed to freuds principles of development but disagreed with sexual influences

• How responsive one is to hypnosis
• mostly people who are open to new experiences and are prone to fantasies and daydreaming