Anatomy 2

  1. How long can most formed elements of the blood last?
    hours, days or weeks
  2. How often do most formed elements need to be replaced?
    continually
  3. What regulate the total number of RBC and platelets in circulation?
    negative feedback systems
  4. What does the abundance of the different types of WBCs depend on?
    It varies in response to challenges by invading pathogens and other foreign antigens
  5. define hemopoiesis
    the process by which the formed elements of blood develop
  6. What is another name for hemopoiesis?
    hematopoiesis
  7. when does hemopoiesis start?
    before birth it first occurs in the yolk sac of an embryo
  8. where does hemopoiesis continue thru the formation of the fetus?
    in the liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes
  9. During the last 3 months before what takes over the role of hemopoiesis?
    Red bone marrow
  10. What is red bone marrow?
    a highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
  11. Where is red bone marrow found?
    It is present chiefly in bones of the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur
  12. About 0.05–0.1% of red bone marrow cells are derived from mesenchyme and are called
    pluripotent stem cells
  13. What kinds of cells have the capacity to develop into many different types of cells?
    pluripotent stem cells or hemocytoblasts
  14. When you are a newborn, all your bone marrow is ____ and is active in blood cell ____
    red

    production
  15. When we age our red marrow in the medullary cavity of long bones becomes inactive and is replaced by
    yellow bone marrow
  16. Under certain conditions, can yellow marrow ever turn into red marrow?
    Yes...then red marrow can make more yellow marrow
  17. How are some disorders like leukemia and severe anemias diagnosed?
    a sample of red bone marrow is taken and examined
  18. What are the technical terms for the examination of bone marrow?
    bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy
  19. Where are the bone marrow aspiration or bone marrow biopsys taken from?
    They are usually taken from the iliac crest of the hip bone, although sometimes also taken from the sternum
  20. Where are bone marrow smaples taken from in children?
    a vertebra or tibia
  21. What happens to the bone marrow after it is aspirated from the bone?
    The tissue or cell sample is then sent to a pathology lab for analysis. Specifically, laboratory technicians look for signs of neoplastic (cancer) cells or other diseased cells to assist in diagnosis.
  22. How do stem cells function and give rise to?
    Stem cells in red bone marrow reproduce themselves, proliferate, and differentiate into cells that give rise to blood cells, macrophages, reticular cells, mast cells, and adipocytes. Some of the stem cells can also form osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and muscle cells, and someday may be used as a source of bone, cartilage, and muscular tissue for tissue and organ replacement.
  23. What do reticular cells produce?
    reticular fibers
  24. What do reticular fibers do?
    form the stroma (framework) that supports red bone marrow cells
  25. What happens after blood cells are produced in red bone marrow?
    they enter the bloodstream through sinusoids (also called sinuses), enlarged and leaky capillaries that surround red bone marrow cells and fibers
  26. Formed elements do not divide once they leave red bone marrow, with what exception?
    with the exception of lymphocytes
  27. In order to form blood cells, pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce two further types of stem cells, which have the capacity to develop into several types of cells. They are called:
    myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
  28. Where do myeloid stem cells begin and give rise to?
    They begin their development in red bone marrow and give rise to red blood cells, plateslets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinphils, and basophils
  29. Where do lymphoid stem cells begin and what do they give rise to?
    they begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues; they give rise to lymphocytes
  30. Although the various stem cells have distinctive cell identity markers in their plasma membranes, they cannot be distinguished histologically and resemble...
    lymphocytes
  31. During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into ______ ____
    progenitor cells
  32. do some myeloid stem cells and the lymphoid stem cells develop directly into precursor cells?
    yes
  33. Progenitor cells are no longer capeable of ___ ____ and are committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood
    reproducing themselves
  34. what are some progenitor cells known as?
    colongy forming units (CFUs)
  35. What does the abbreviation that follows the CFU designation mean?
    it indicates the mature elements in blood that progenitor cells will produce (CFU-E ultimately produces erythrocytes)
  36. What does CFU-Meg produce?
    megakaryocytes, the source of platelets
  37. progenitor cells resemble ___ and cannot be distinguished by their microscopic appearance alone
    lymphocytes
  38. the next generation of cells after progenitor cells are called...
    precursor cells
  39. what are precursor cells also known as?
    blasts
  40. Over several cell divisions, what develop into the actual formed elements of blood?
    precursor cells, aka blasts
  41. Do precursor cells have recognizable microscopic appearances?
    yes
  42. What hormones regulate the differentiationand proliferation of particular progenitor cells?
    hemopoietic growth factors
  43. What are the hemopoietic growth factors?
    erythropoietin (EPO)

    thrombopoietin (TPO)

    cytokines
  44. What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?
    increases thenumber of RBC precursors
  45. where is EPO produced?
    primarily by cells in thekidneys that lie between the kidney tubules
  46. What happens with EPO in renal failure?
    EPO release slows and RBC production is inadequate
  47. What is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes?
    thrombopoietin (TPO)
  48. What are small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells?
    cytokines
  49. Generally, what kind of hormones do the cytokins act?
    local hormones
  50. What do cytokines stimulate?
    proliferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate the activities of cells involved in nonspecific defenses and immune responses
  51. What are the 2 important families of cytokines that stimulate white blood cells formation?
    colony stimulating factors and interleukins
Author
Pajamas
ID
63764
Card Set
Anatomy 2
Description
19.2 blood formation
Updated