AFF Test One

food and feeding, digestion, respiration, transport of gases in blood, circulation of blood, elimination of waste, detection and processing of sensory info, generation and coordination of movement, reproduction

examines how different organisms solve the same problems

homeostasis

the maintenance of a constant internal state

regulatory mechanism; can be either negative or positive feedback

sensory information

a change in a physiological variable that i being monitored by receptors triggers a response by effectors that counteracts the initial fluctuation, keeping the variable at or near its set point

a change in some variable triggers effectors that amplify the change, thereby taking the variable further away from the set point

Change in an organism's enviroment induce internal body changes that maintain the internal environment over a range of external environment change

Change in an organism's environment induce internal body changes that parallel the external conditions

yes

abiotic and biotic

Nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment.

Pertaining to the living organisms in the environment.

adaptation and evolution by natural selection

• variation in trait
• heritable component to that variation
• differential survival and reporoduction

selection can only operate on structures, processes, behaviors, that are already present

a process of genetic change of a population due to natural selection; the average state of a character becomes improved with reference to a specific function; a popultaion is thought to have becone better suited to some feature of its environment

physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal that results from the animal's chronic exposure to new, naturally occurring environmental conditions in the animal's native environment

physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an indivisual animal that results from the animal's chronic exposure to new conditions that are induced experimentally in the labratory or field by an investigator

molecular - cellular - tissue/organ - organ system - organism

organism level

organism is more than the sum of its parts

aggregation of cells that have similar structure and function

the study of the microscopic anatomy of different tissue types

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

specialized for contraction

• causes movement of the skeleton
• voluntary
• striated
• individual cells are fibers and myofibers
• each fiber recieves nervous input that controls contraction

• involuntary
• cells - myocardial cells - short, branched, and interconnected
• cells connected mechanically and electrically intercalated discs

• digestive tract, bloos vessles
• involuntary
• not striated
• cells arranged circularly - contraction causes contriction of the lumen

supporting cells(glia) and neurons

non-conductive cells of the nervous system; provide mechanical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation to neurons ; out numbered electrically-conducting cells by about 5:1

electrically-conductive cells of the nervous system

contains nucleus, metabolic center of the cell

cytoplasmic extensions that recieve info from sensory cells or other neurons

single cytoplasmic extension that conducts electrical pulses to other neurons or to the effector

• squamous - flattened
• columnar - taller than they are wide
• cubodial - as wide as they are tall

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

thin, good for diffusion across; walls of capillaries; walls of alveoli in lungs

pretty tough; resists abrasion and acts as a barrie; lining of uterine cervix; epidermis of skin

secretion and absorbtion; lining of intestine

specialized for secretion; kidney tubules; thyroid gland; many exocrine glands(mammary, salivary)

• derived from epithelial membranes
• endocrine glands - ductless glands, secretes chemicals directly into the bloodstream
• exocrine glands - have ducts, chemicals secreted through duct onto surface of animal

• areolar(loose) tissue
• fibrous(dense) tissue
• adipose tissue

• fibroblasts, macrophages, binds epithelia to underlying tissues and hols organs in place
• collagenous, elastic, reticular

secrete protein fibers of ECM

engulf bacteria and dead cells

high density of collagenous fibers in ECM arranges in parallel bundles; maximizes nonelastic strength; found in tendons, ligaments and a few other places

protects, stores fat, insulates

• composes of cells called chondrocytes, semisolid ground substance that gives some elastic properties
• hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

ECM appears glassy due to low concentration of protein fibers; decreases friction at joints; on ends of long bones and ribs

ECM contains lots of protein elastin; able to rebound when distorted; external ear

ECM contains lots of collagen; resists compressive forces; in intervertebral discs and pubic symphasis

bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) secrete calcium-containing products; cells become entrapped in bone and are referred to as osteocytes; osteoclasts - involved in removing/recycling exsisting bone

• abundant fluid ECM, containing water, salts, dissolved proteins
• erthyrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

red blood cells; carry oxygen

white blood cells; defense against viruses, bacteria, and other invaders

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

a structure in the body composed of two or more primary tissues that performs a specific function

organs that are located in different regions of the body and that perform related functions