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What is metabolism?
- A series of chemical process that go on in living organisms. Used to obtain energy. Linked to growth.
- Has 2 components (catabolism and anabolism) both which involve electron transfer and redox reactions
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Catabolism
Breaking things down
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Anabolism
- Building things up
- Anabolicreactions are classified as biosynthetic reactions because they are used to synthesize all the biological molecules needed by the cells living organisms.
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Autotrophy
Carbon is obtained from inorganic substances
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Heterotrophy
Carbon is obtained from other organic molecules
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Chemoheterotrphy
- Obtain energy by breakind down other organic molecules and compounds.
- Nearly all infectious organisms are chemotrophys
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What happens in an oxidation/reduction reaction?
- Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together
- Often called redox reactions
- Reduced: Gains electrons
- Oxidized: Loses electrons (donates electrons)
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What are the characteristics of enzymes as given in class?
- Enzymes are proteins that act as catalyst for metabolic reactions, making the reaction go faster.
- Each enzyme is specific for a reaction.
- Enzymes
- are found in all living organisms and most cells contain 100’s of types which are constantly being manufactured and replaced.
- Enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation.
- Specific because of their shapes (3 dimensional shapes), if the shape changes activity is inhibited.
- Can be recycled
- Enzymes drop energy in half or sometimes 90%
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What are the three main factors contributing to enzymatic activity?
- Competitive inhibition
- Allosteric inhibition
- Feedback inhibition
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Competitive Inhibition
A reaction in which a molecule that is similar in structure to a substance competes w/ that substance by binding to the active site of an enzyme
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Allosteric Inhibition
It involves the binding of a non-competitive inhibitor to a site on the enzyme molecule that causes a change in the shape of the active site and inhibits the binding of the substrate in the active site.
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Feedback Inhibition
Thefinal product in a pathway accumulates and begins to bind to and inactivate the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the pathway.
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How do glycolysis, the kreb cycle, and the ETC all relate?
They are all important pathways by which most organisms relese energy from nutrient molecules.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen
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Starting/Ending materials of glycolysis
- Start: 2 ATP and glucose
- End: 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate
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Starting/ending materials of the kreb cycle
- Start: 2 Acetyl CoA
- End: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH, and CO2
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Starting/Ending materials of the ETC
- Start: FADH and NADH
- End: 34 ATP
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Starting/Ending materials of Fermentation
- Start: 2 pyruvates
- End: Either 2 alcohols or 2 sugar acids and 2 ATP
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Where is energy found in ATP?
High energy bonds
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Where does the ETC happen and what is its importance?
- ETC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane for eukaryote and prokaryotes they organized in the plasma membrane.
- ETC the final receptor for aerobic respiration is oxygen. anaerobic respiration, the final acceptor is an inorganic oxygen-containing molecule.
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What are three major factors that affect enzymatic activity?
- Temp, pH, concentration of substrate, product & enzyme
- (W/ lower numbers of substrate, product and enzyme, molecules means a lower level of activity)
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How do enzymes fit into substrates?
The shape of the molecule provides a distinctive site called the active site. It is here that: The substrate fits into the enzyme and the reaction occurs, The enzyme and substrate interact to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
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