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Biomedical Model of Health
approach to health, illness, and treatment that views illness and disease as problems that occur in an individual body.
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Foci of Biomedical Model of Health
- organicpathology
- malfunctionsofbodilysystems
- accidentsortrauma
- senescence
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Sociological Perspectives on Health
approach to health, illness, and treatment that stresses connections between disease, injury, health care and the organization of society
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Central Elements of Sociological Perspectives on Health
- �Population health
- �Risk group
- �Social production of illness
- �Levels of analysis (macro, mezzo, & micro)
- �Critical approach (aka Conflict theory)
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Population health
the distribution of illness, injury, or some other health problem in a given population.
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Population Health studies
investigate how common specific health problems occur and the characteristics and circumstances of those affected.
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Risk Group
group of people who share the same likelihood of a health event (e.g., a heart attack) or condition (e.g., depression) based on similar characteristics or circumstances.
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The social production of illness
the social processes through which we define what illness means and appropriate behavioral and attitudinal responses to illness
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Sick role
learned social expectations and practices regarding how society should view sick people and how sick people should behave
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Medicalization
process through which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a medical problem requiring a medical solution.
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Sociological Levels of Analysis
- Macro-large, national-level social structures and institutions
- Mezzo-mid-level, local social structures
- Micro-patterns of daily individual (face-to-face) interaction
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Elements of a Critical Approach
- �Groups in a society compete for limited resources.
- �Conflict is inevitable.
- �The origins, nature, and consequences of power relationships holds the key to why society is organized the way it is.
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Social Epidemiology
the study of the distribution of disease within a population according to social factors (e.g., social class, use of alcohol, unemployment)
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Mortality
patterns of death in a population
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Morbidity
patterns of illness within a population; the relative incidence of a disease or condition.
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Comorbidity
patterns of combinations of illnesses within a population; the relative incidence of multiple diseases and their consequences.
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Acute Illness
illness that develops quickly and has a brief course (example: chicken pox, cold).
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Chronic Illness
illness that develops gradually and has an extended course (example: asthma, arthritis, diabetes).
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Prevalence
the number of cases within a given population at a given point in time.
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Incidence
the number of newcases or occurrences within a given population during a given interval.
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Sources of Data Used to Measure Population Health
- �Clinical records
- �Public health surveillance
- �Epidemiological surveys
- �Vital statistics
- �Census data
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Which Country Had A More Severe HIV/AIDS Crisis?
-Bahamas rate of 121.2 per 100,000
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Generic Definition of a Rate
- Rate =Number of events in a specific period of time/
- Population at risk of experiencing the eventduring that period
- x 10^n
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
CDR =Number of deaths in a year/ Mid-year population X 1000
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Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR)
ASDR =Number of deaths in a year ina given age group/ Mid-year population of that age group X 1000
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Cause-Specific Death Rate (CSDR)
CSDR = Number of deaths in a year from a given cause/ Mid-year population X 100,000
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
IMR = Number of annual deaths of live-born infants < 1 year of age/ Number of live births in the same year X 1000
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Life Expectancy at Birth (e0)
the average number of years that individuals of a given population born in a given year can expect to live
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Direct Standardization
- a method of taking population structure into account so that variation in the rates can be ascertained.
- Most commonly, direct standardization is performed to compensate for variation in the age structure of populations.
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Endemic
the established, or �steady-state� level of a disease in a population.
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Epidemic
any significant increase in the numbers affected by a disease, or the first appearance of a new disease.
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Pandemics
"world-wide� epidemics. An epidemic can usually be considered a pandemic if it significantly affects multiple continents or geographically distinct parts of the world.
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Abel Omran�s Three Stages of the Epidemiological Transition
- �Age of pestilence and famine (20 < e0< 40)
- �Age of receding pandemics(e0 = approx. 50)
- �Age of degenerative and human-made diseases(e0 = approx. 70)
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Three Periods of World Population Growth
- Before 1750:overall slow growth (including some periods of growth and some of decline)
- 1750-1900:rapid growth in Europe and N. America
- Since 1900:slow growth in Europe and N. America; Rapid growth in the developing world, especially since 1945.
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Demographic Transition
the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
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Stages of the Demographic Transition
- 1. high birth rate and high (and variable) death rate
- 2. high birth rate and declining death rate
- 3. birth and death rates both drop
- 4. low (and variable) birth rate and low death rate
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Jay Olshansky�s Proposed Fourth Stage of the Epidemiological Transition
Shift of degenerative and human-made disease to advanced ages(e0 > 75)
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Possible Fifth Stage of the Epidemiological Transition?
Emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease.
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Emergence of New Diseases
- �HIV/AIDS
- �Hemmoragicfevers (ex: ebola, Marburg)
- �Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
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Re-Emergence of New Strains of Existing Diseases
- �New strains of viral diseases such as influenza (ex: H1N1)
- �Resistant strains of bacterial infections (ex: TB, MRSA)
- �Emergence of harmful strains of previous harmless microbes (ex: cryptosporidium)
- �Escalation of endemic diseases to epidemic levels (ex: ecoli, salmonella)
- �Species cross-over of infectious disease (ex: variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a.k.a. �mad cow disease�)
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