CH 1 Flashcards - EXAM 1.txt

• the study of microorganisms and viruses
• branches w/in this are
• 1. bacteriology
• 2. virology
• 3. mycology (study of fungus)

• Involves a series of steps involved in research which have led and continue to lead us to more knowledge. These steps include
• 1. asking a question
• 2. formulating a hypothesis based on observations
• 3. gathering tools/designing experiments
• 4. analyzing data
• 5. proving or disproving hypothesis

• Developed Cell Theory & invented 1st microscope
• 1st person to observe microbes under microscope
• Saw fungi & plant cell structure

• All organisms composed of cells
• All organisms are either unicellular or multicellular
• All organisms are fundamentally alike with regard to their structure and metabolism
• Cells ONLY arise from PREViOUSLY EXISTING cells

• Steps in isolating the disease causing agent
• 1. Isolate agent from disease victim.
• 2. grow agent in PURE CULTURE.
• 3. Infect a healthy host & show the organism produces the disease (to prove previous steps)
• 4. Isolate the SAME organism from the new victim.
• Now DNA sequencing is used to help isolate

• 1st person to observe bacteria
• made microscopes
• also viewed algae, protozoa and large bacteria (he called them animal beasties)

• applied the rule that medical students and other staff must WASH HANDS prior to working with patients
• observed women dying of bed fever after child birth due to this lack of sanitation (noticed it not occurring if in midwives ward, only doctor's ward)

• DISPROVED Spontaneous generation theory
• used jar of meat, produced maggots only if flies able to land on it, not when covered (with a lid or with mesh to allow air flow)

• Father of Microbiology
• Designed Pasteurization technique - used on wine and milk
• devloped vaccines (rabies)
• made germ theory of disease

• Isolated bacteria causing anthrax and cholera
• laid foundations for sterile technique for microbio
• involved with Pasteur's germ theory

developed agar, which helped ppl study bacteria

• solid at 45degrees
• non-toxic
• stable to sterilization temps
• physiologically inert - bacteria can't break it down

• developed SMALL POX vaccine
• used cow pox to immunize by infecting ppl with it and then they had immunity against small pox

• oldest forms of life on earth
• evolved into all niches on earth
• SIZE is their common factor, they are diverse in metabolism, physiology, genetics & appearance

• 1. bacteria
• 2. algae
• 3. fungi
• 4. viruses
• 5. protozoa

disease causing microorganisms

can be useful (ie normal flora - live in our mouth, skin, digestive tract)

Do NOT differentiate between normal flora and pathogens, kill BOTH

living culture of normal flora to help restore normal flora levels

• decomposers: breakdown a wide array of products
• biochemical cycles: help return elements back to natural state for reuse (ie O2 production, N2 and CO2 fixation)
• bioremediation: Bacteria used to degrade environmental pollutants such as DDT (also in oil spill cleanups)

• Pharmaceutical industry: use microbes to develop new antibiotics, as microbes are becoming resistant to old strains of antibiotics. Also insulin is an example
• Biotechnology: use recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin, which can be treated for patients with diabetes

• 1. world population growth
• 2. urbanization
• 3. ecological disturbances
• 4. technological advances
• 5. microbial evolution and adaptation
• 6. human behavior and attitude
• 7. societal factors

can increase person to person transmission, also hunger and malnutrition increase w/growth of pop

sanitation issues can spread microbes, and urban centers act as microbe magnets b/c of overcrowding

• climate change: can give rise to certain pathogens
• deforestation: interact with new microbes in forest
• natural disasters: Haiti earthquake resulted in cholera outbreak

globalization increases travel and rate at which disease can spread

• drug resistance in developed nations
• Microbes change their surface structure to help escape immune system

• migration
• complacency: not taking full doses of antibiotic treatment, gives rise to potential mutations forming in pathogens that have a developed resistance (ie: TB is becoming resistant to antibiotics)

• eating processed food
• tattoos
• eating out

• 1. food-borne & water-borne: typhoid & cholera
• 2. airborne: influenza
• 3. Sexually transmitted

• Bacteria
• Eurcarya: include algae, fungi, protozoa
• Archaea: same as bac but NO peptidoglycan layer in cell wall

• only prokaryotes
• unicellular
• reproduce by BINARY FISSION (DNA completely identically replicated)
• Heterotroph (get nutrients from other places) or autotrophs (make their own nutrients and carbon)
• shapes are rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci) and spiral

• Is a eukaryote, has 2 groups
• 1. yeast (unicellular)
• 2. molds (multicellular)

• Is a eukaryote, unicellular
• ie amoebas, can cause amoebic dissentary

• Is a eukaryote, plant-like
• asexual and sexual reproduction
• provide oxygen to aquatic life

• NOT true organisms
• contain EITHER DNA or RNA
• can infect almost all types of cells

• more simple than virus, contain ONLY RNA
• no protective protein coat

• contain ONLY Proteins
• no nucleic acids
• ie mad cow disease