minerals/deficiency

rare, except with chronic diarrhea or vomiting and certain renal disorders; nausea, dizziness, muscle cramps, apathy

muscular weakness, paralysis, anorexia, confusion (occurs with dehydration)

rare, may occur secondary to chronic diarrhea or vomiting and certain renal disorders: muscle cramps, anorexia, apathy

• children: impaired growth
• Adults: osteoporosis

unknown

• weakness, confusion; growth failure in children
• severe deficiency: convulsions, hallucinations, tetany

unknown

impaired immune function, decreased work capacity, apathy, lethargy, fatigue, itchy skin, pale nail beds and eye membranes, impaired wound healing, intolerance to cold temperatures.

growth retardation, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, anorexia, delayed wound healing, taste abnormality, mental lethargy.

• goiter, wight gain, lethargy
• during pregnancy may cause severe and irreversible mental and physical retardation (cretenism)

enlarged heart, poor heart function, impaired thyroid activity

rare: anemia, bone abnormalities

rare

susceptibility to dental decay, may increase riskof osteoporosis

insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance

unknown