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cognitive process
one of the higher mental processes, such as perception, memory, language, problem solving, and abstract thinking
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cognition
process of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content of processes, such as concepts and memories
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cognitive psychology`
the study of higher mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking
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cognitive science
the interdisciplinary field of study of the approach systems and processes that manipulate information
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serial processes
two or more mental processes that are carried out in order, one after the other
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parallel processes
two or more mental processes that are carried out stimultaneously
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controlled process
process that requires attention; it is often difficult to carry out more than one controlled process at a time
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automatic process
process that does not require attention; it can often be performed along with other tasks without interference
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language production
what people say, sign, and write, as well as processes they go through to produce these messages
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audience design
the process of shaping a message depending on the audience for which it is intended
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inference
missing information filled in on the basis of a sample of evidence or on the basis f prior beliefs and theories
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linguistic relativity
the hypothesis that the structure of the language an individual speaks has an impact on the way in which that individual thinks about the world
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problem solving
thinking that i directed toward solving specific problems and that moves from an initial state to a goal state by means of a set of mental operations`
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reasoning
the process of thinking in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts; thinking directed toward a given goal or objective
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problem space
the elements that make up a problem: the initial state, the incomplete information or unsatisfactory conditions the person starts with; the goal state the set of information or state the person wishes to achieve; and the set of operations, the steps the person takes to move from the initial state to the goal state
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algorithm
a step by step procedure that always provides the right answer for a particular type of problem
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heuristic
cognitive strategies, or "rules of thumb," often used as shortcuts in solving a complex inferential task
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think-aloud protocol
report made by an experimental participant of the mental processes and strategies he or she uses while working on a task
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functional fixedness
an inability to perceive a new use for an object previously associated with some other purpose; adversely affects problem solving and creativity
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deductive reasoning
a form of thinking in which one draws a conclusion that is intended to follow logically from two or more statements or premises
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belief-bias effect
a situation that occurs when a persons prior knowledge, attitudes, or values distort the reasoning process by influencing the person to accept invalid arguments`
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inductive reasoning
a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is made about the probability of some state of affairs, based on the available evidence and past experience
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mental set
the tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used to respond to a previous problem
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judgement
the process by which people form opinions, reach conclusions, and make critical evaluations of events and people based on available material; also,the product of the mental activity
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decision making
the process of choosing between alternatives; selecting or rejecting available options
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availability heuristic
a judgement based on the information readily available in memory
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representativeness heuristic
a cognitive strategy that assigns an object to a category on the basis of a few characteristics regarded as representative of that category
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anchoring heuristic
an insufficient adjustment up or down from an original starting value when judging the probable value of some event or outcome
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frame
a particular description of choice; the perspective from which a choice is described or framed affects how a decision is made and which option is ultimately exercised
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