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types of embryonic CT (2)
- mesenchymal CT
- mucous or gelatinous CT
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types of adult CT (5)
- loose or areolar CT
- dense CT
- elastic CT
- reticular CT
- adipose CT
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what type of CT is mesenchymal CT
embryonic CT
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what type of CT is mucous or gelatinous CT
embryonic CT
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what type of CT is loose or areolar CT
adult CT
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what type of CT is dense CT
adult CT
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what type of CT is eleastic CT
adult CT
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what type of CT is reticular CT
adult CT
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what type of CT is adipose CT
adult CT
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function of mesenchymal CT
gives rise to various types of adult CT
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what gives rise to various types of adult CT
mesenchymal CT
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type of cell mesenchymal CT is made of
mesenchymal cells
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where is mucous or gelatinous CT found (4)
- in umbilical cord in embryo
- papillae of omasal laminae
- reticular fold
- bovine glans penis
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what CT type is found in umbilical cord of an embryo
mucous or gelatinous CT
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consistancy of mucous or gelatinous CT (3)
- fibroblast
- gel like ground substance
- collagen fibers
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location of loose or areolar CT (4)
- beneath epithelium
- around blood vessels
- around nerves
- serous membranes
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structure loose or areolar CT(3)
- lots of ground substance
- cells scattered and of various types
- loose network of fine collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers
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composistion of dense CT (2)
- thick collagenous fibers
- few fibroblast cells
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types of dense CT (2)
- dense irregular CT
- dense regular
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location of dense irregular CT (2)
- capsules of the organs
- deep layer of the dermis
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location of dense regular CT (3)
- tendons
- ligaments
- aponeurosis
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what is characterized by numerous regularly or irregularly arranged eleastic fibers
elastic tissue
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structure of elastic tissue
numberous reg or irreg arranged elastic fibers
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location of elastic tissue (2)
- nuchal ligament
- vocal ligament
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composed of numerous reticular cells and a network of reticular fibers
reticular tissue
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composition of reticular tissue
numerous reticular cells and network of reticular fibers
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location of reticular tissue (3)
- (generally: endocrine system)
- spleen
- lymph node
- liver
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what is found in loose CT of mesenteries, around blood vessels and nerves
adipose tissue
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location of adipose tissue (3)
- in loose CT of mesenteries
- around blood vessels
- nerves
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types of adipose tissues (2)
- white adipose tissue
- brown adipose tissue
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cartilage cells are called what (2)
- chondroblasts
- chondrocytes
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consistency of cartilage (3)
- cartilage cells
- matrix
- no blood vessels
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oval-shaped w/ a spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplam. cells form the matrix of the cartilage and are found in growing cartilage
chondroblast
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define chondroblast (3)
- struct/stain: oval-shaped w/ a spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplam.
- function: cells form the matrix of the cartilage
- found: in growing cartilage
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located in cartilage's lacuna and has a spherical nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm.
chondrocyte
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define chondrocyte (2)
- location: lacuna of cartilage
- struct/stain: spherical nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm
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composed of fibers and ground substance containing proteoglycans and certain GAGs
cartilage matrix
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composistion of cartilage matrix (6)
- fibers
- proteoglycans
- chondroitin sulphate
- keratin sulphate
- hyaluronic acid
- adhesive molecules (chondronectin and fibronectin)
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types of cartilage (3)
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
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location of hyaline cartilage
articular surfaces of bones, nose and trachea
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location of elastic cartilage
pina and epiglottis
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location of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs and menisci
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cartilage found in articular surfaces of the bones, nose and trachea
hyaline cartilage
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cartilage found in pinna and epiglottis
elastic cartilage
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cartilage found in intervertebral discs and menisci
fibrocartilage
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define hyaline cartilage (4)
- staining: chondrocytes have ground substance with dark stained territorial area and a lightly stained interterritorial matrix
- chondrocytes can be in singles or clusters called isogenous groups
- ground substance has type II collagen fibers
- cartilage surrounded by perichondrium (outer fibrous layer collagen fibers and fibroblast) inner cellular or chondrogenic layer make of chondroblasts
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what is hyaline cartilage covered by
perichondrium
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structure of perichondrium (2)
- outer fibrous layer (collagen fibers and fibroblast)
- inner cellular or chondrogenic layer (chondroblast)
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define elastic cartilage
like hyaline but with more elastic fibers in ground substance
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define fibrocartilage (2)
- prominent presence of type I collagen fibers in matrix
- no distinct perichondrium
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what main thing that bones have that cartilage do not have
blood supply which effects healing
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how do you remove the ossified part of bones to study it
put in an acid to disolve the bones and leave cells
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how do you remove the organic part of bones to study it
put in boiling water to remove organic part and leave ossified part
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types of bone cells (3)
- osteoblast (bone forming cell)
- osteocytes (nature bone cell)
- osteoclast (bone eating/mod cell)
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function of osteoblast
secretes osteoid which will be calcified by the deposition of calcium salts
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what secretes osteoid
osteoblasts
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what are the mature bone cells called
osteocytes
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what cell type modifies bones
osteoclasts
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what do osteoclasts secrete
aid and lysosomal emzymes for bone resorption
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what is a large multinucleatded cell located in areas of bone for resorption or remodeling
osteoclast
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what does the bone matrix consist of (3)
- organic matter: sulphated GAGs, glycoprotein and type I collagen fibers, coursing in a spiral direction.
- inorganic matter: calcium/phosphorus abundant but bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium and sodium are also found.
- The calcium and phosphorus form hydroxyapatite crystals deposited as slender needles within the collagen network.
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what is the outer and inner organic laters of the diaphyses (2)
- periosteum - outside
- endosteum - inside
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what does the endosteum consist of (3)
- simple squamous cells
- osteoblast
- osteoclasts
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what does spongy bone consist of
delicate bony plates and spincules that run in various directions
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consistancy of compact bone (3)
- osteons (unit of bone) or haversian systems
- outer and inner circumferential lamellae
- interstitial lamellae
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structure of an osteon
central canal (has blood vessels, nerves and loose CT) surrounded by concentric lamellae
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where are osteocytes found in bone
in lacunae between lamellae
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what surrounds each osteon
cementing substance
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what connects central canals in bone
perforating canals
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what are the types of ossification and where are they done (2)
- intramembranous ossification (skull bones but not the base of the skull)
- intracartilaginous ossification (endochondral ossification) (appendicular skeleton, vertebral column and ondes of the base of the skull)
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what is laid down first before ossification occurs to repair bone
hyaline cartilage
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what are the 4 steps in bone repair (5)
- 1. osteogenic cells of the periosteum/endosteum proliferate
- 2. cells nearest the rapair area form bony trabeculae
- 3. cells away from repair area turn into chondroblasts and produce cartilage
- 4. cartilage is replaced by bone
- 5. osteoclasts come in and clean up repair area
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