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Statistics
Involves the techniques and procedures dealing with collection, organization, analyzing, interpretation, and presentatino of data
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Three Components of Health Fields
- 1. Education- basic and applied knowledge
- 2. Clinical Practice- Deal with patient
- 3. Research- expand knowledge
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Goal of Statistics in the Health Field
- Improve Health Profession
- Improve service
- Improve treatment and prevention of disease and disorders
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Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
- Descriptive- Use data to describe sample
- Inferential- Use sample data to make conclusions about the population
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Causation vs. Assocation
- Causation- When on variable directly affects another
- Association- When two variables have a strong observed connection
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Lurking Variable
A "hidden factor" that can influence other variables.
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Tables
An orderly arrangement of values grouped in to rows and columns
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Disadvantage of use of Tables
Since they are not very interesting, tables should be used sparingly
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Advantage of using Tables
Displaying information related to several levels of a variable
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Types of Tables
- One variable
- Two or more variable
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Pie Chart
- Emphasizes each category's relation to the whole
- Chart must be incluse
- Useful for qualitative data
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Bar (Column) Charts
- One-Variable
- Grouped (or two or more variable)
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Stacked bar graph
Grouped bar chart in which the separate groups are colored coded and graphed together
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Scatter diagram
A graphic technique used to display the relationship between to continuous variables.
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Line graphs
Used to display trends
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Ratio
Relationship between one quanitity to another. Numbers are expressed as a fraction or separated by a colon.
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Proportion
Relationship between one quanitity and the whole
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Percentage
Proportion x's 100
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Frequency Table
View the distribution of data as it is sorted within each class
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Class Interval
Which class has the lowest frequency
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Interval midpoint
What is the midpoint of that class
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Class width
24-26, 24, 25, 26- 3 the number of classes within a class
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Stem and Leaf Plot
- Construct by writing the first digits in the first column- stem.
- Write the second digits of all the numbers relating to each of the first digits- leaf
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Histogram
Plot of the frequency distribution table
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Frequency Polygon
Same as historgram, except connect midpoint of class to make continuous line
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Experiment Advantages
- Researcher designs and imposes treatments
- Best way to demonstrate causation
- Researcher has control over subjects
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Survey advantages
- Factors being studied already exist
- Quickest and cheapest way to collect data
- More acceptable to conduct on humans
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Survey disadvantages
Less able to account for lurking variables
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Subject
People bein gstudied, people we get data from. Represent population.
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Treatment
Conditions we impose
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Control
Status quo, normal or no treatment.
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Placebo treatment
Subject is unaware they are not being treated
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Sham procedure
Mimick a procedure
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Single-blind study
Subject doesn't know what group they are in
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Double-blind study
Neither the subject nor the researcher know treatment assignments
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Clinical Trial
Experiment conducted on humans.
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Why do a literature review?
- Interest in Topic
- Design project
- Background/rationale project introduction
- Compare your project results
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